N R060191 - RRUFF Database: Raman, X-ray, Infrared, and Chemistry

Magnetite R060191

Name: Magnetite
RRUFF ID: R060191
Ideal Chemistry: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
Locality: Merry Widow mine, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
Source: Lloyd Twaites [view label]
Owner: RRUFF
Description: Grayish-black octahedral crystals
Status: The identification of this mineral has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis

Mineral Group: [ Spinel (66) ]

Quick search: [ All Magnetite samples (6) ]

CHEMISTRY

RRUFF ID:	R060191.2
Sample Description:	Microprobe fragment
Measured Chemistry:	(Fe²⁺_0.97Mg_0.03)(Fe³⁺_0.97Al_0.03)₂O₄

RAMAN SPECTRUM

RRUFF ID:

Sample Description:

Sample is oriented, mounted on a pin, and polished.

Pin ID:

M01451

Orientation:

Laser parallel to -a* (-1 0 0). Fiducial mark perpendicular to laser is parallel to -c [0 0 -1].

DOWNLOADS:

To download sample data,
please select a specific
orientation angle.

BROAD SCAN WITH SPECTRAL ARTIFACTS

RRUFF ID:

R060191

Wavelength:

Sample Description:

Unoriented sample

Instrument settings:

Thermo Almega XR 532nm @ 100% of 150mW

DOWNLOADS:

	Raman Data (Processed)
	RRUFF File
	Raman Data (RAW)
	RRUFF File

POWDER DIFFRACTION

RRUFF ID:

R060191.1

Sample Description:

Powder

Cell Refinement Output:

a: 8.3961(5)Å b: 8.3961(5)Å c: 8.3961(5)Å
alpha: 90° beta: 90° gamma: 90° Volume: 591.9(0)Å³ Crystal System: cubic

File Type Information

Calculated diffraction file.

File Type Information

Output file from the Bruker D8 Advance instrument. Includes device headers and XY data.

File Type Information

Output file from the Bruker D8 Advance instrument. Includes device headers and XY data.

DOWNLOADS:

	Cell Refinement Data
	Cell Refinement Output Data
	DIF File
	X-ray Data (XY - Processed)
	RRUFF File
	X-ray Data (XY - RAW)
	RRUFF File

REFERENCES for Magnetite
American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database Record: [view record]
Anthony J W, Bideaux R A, Bladh K W, and Nichols M C (1990) Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson Arizona, USA, by permission of the Mineralogical Society of America. [view file]
Hoffmann C A S (1789) Mineralsystem des Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben von C A S Hoffmann, Bergmannisches Journal, 1, 369-398 [view file]
Haidinger W (1845) Zweite Klasse: Geogenide. XI. Ordnung, Erze. X. Eisennerz. Magnetit., in Handbuch der Bestimmenden Mineralogie Bei Braumüller and Seidel Wien 546-555 [view file]
Hutton C O (1950) Studies of heavy detrital minerals, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 61, 635-710 [view file]
Bernal J D, Dasgupta D R, Mackay A L (1959) The oxides and hydroxides of iron and their structural inter-relationships, Clay Minerals Bulletin, 4, 15-30
Feitknecht W, Brunner P, Oswalk HR (1962) Über den Einfluβ der Feuchtigkeit auf die Oxydation von Manganhydroxid durch molekularen Sauerstoff, Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, 316, 154-160
Gorton A T, Bitsianes G, Joseph T L (1965) Thermal expansion coefficients for iron and its oxides from X-ray diffraction measurements at elevated temperatures, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 233, 1519-1525
Pajari G E (1966) Abstract of paper presented at the eleventh meeting: The variation of magnetite–ulvospinel and hematite–ilmenite compositions in a differentiated alkaline intrusive, The Canadian Mineralogist, 8, 670-670 [view file]
Annersten H, Hafner S S (1973) Vacancy distribution in synthetic spinels of the series Fe304–γ–Fe2O3, Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 137, 321-340
Volenik K, Seberini M, Neid J (1975) A Mössbauer and X-ray diffraction study of nonstoichiometry in magnetite, Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 25, 1063-1071
Henriquez F, Martin R F (1978) Crystal-growth texture in magnetite flows and feeder dykes, El Laco, Chile, The Canadian Mineralogist, 16, 581-589 [view file]
Fleet M E, Bilcox G A, Barnett R L (1980) Oriented magnetite inclusions in pyroxenes from the Grenville province, The Canadian Mineralogist, 18, 89-99 [view file]
D’arco P, Maury R C (1981) Comparative geothermometry of some magnetite–ilmenite–orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene associations from volcanic rocks, The Canadian Mineralogist, 19, 461-467 [view file]
Fleet M E (1981) The structure of magnetite, Acta Crystallographica, B37, 917-920
Spear F S (1982) Phase equilibria of amphibolites from the post pond volcanics, Mt. cube quadrangle, Vermont, Journal of Petrology, 23, 383-426
Fleet M E (1984) The structure of magnetite: two annealed natural magnetites, Fe_3.005O₄ and Fe_2.96Mg_0.04O₄, Acta Crystallographica, C40, 1491-1493
Wechsler B A, Lindsley D H, Prewitt C T (1984) Crystal structure and cation distribution in titanomagnetites (Fe_3-xTi_xO₄), American Mineralogist, 69, 754-770 [view file]
Fleet M E (1986) The structure of magnetite: symmetry of cubic spinels, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 62, 75-82
Hill R L, Sack R O (1987) Thermodynamic properties of Fe-Mg titaniferous magnetite spinels, The Canadian Mineralogist, 25, 443-464 [view file]
Schwertmann U, Murad E (1990) The influence of aluminum on iron oxides: XIV. Al-substituted magnetite synthesized at ambient temperatures, Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 196-202 [view file]
Banin A, Ben-Shlomo T, Margulies L, Blake D F, Mancinelli R L (1993) The nanophase iron mineral(s) in Mars soil, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 20831-20853
O'Neill H S C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from Powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr₂O₄, ZnCr₂O₄, Fe₃O₄ and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl₂O₄, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 20, 541-555 [view file]
Maier W D, Barnes S J (1996) Unusually high concentrations of magnetite at Caraíba and other Cu-sulfide deposits in the Curaçá Valley, Bahia, Brazil, The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 717-731 [view file]
de Faria D L A, Silva S V, de Oliveira M T (1997) Raman microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 28, 873-878 [link]
Oh S J, Cook D C, Townsend H E (1998) Characterization of iron oxides commonly formed as corrosion products on steel, Hyperfine Interactions, 112, 59-65 [link]
Gasparov L V, Tanner D B, Romero D B, Berger H, Margaritondo G, Forro L (2000) Infrared and Raman studies of the Verwey transition in magnetite, Physical Review B, 62, 7939-7944
Beard J S, Tracy R J (2002) Spinels and other oxides in Mn-rich rocks from the Hutter Mine, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, U.S.A.: implications for miscibility and solvus relations among jacobsite, galaxite, and magnetite, American Mineralogist, 87, 690-698 [view file]
Frankel R B, Bazylinski D A (2003) Biologically induced mineralization by bacteria, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 54, 95-114
Kretz R (2003) Dendritic magnetite and ilmenite in 590 Ma Grenville dikes near Otter Lake, Quebec, Canada, The Canadian Mineralogist, 41, 1049-1059 [view file]
Ondruš P, Veselovský F, Gabašová A, Hloušek J, Šrein V, Vavrín I, Skála R, Sejkora J, Drábek M (2003) Primary minerals of the Jáchymov ore district, Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 48, 19-147 [view file]
Shebanova O N, Lazor P (2003) Raman study of magnetite (Fe₃O₄): laser-induced thermal effects and oxidation, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34, 845-852
Tracy R J, Beard J S (2003) Manganoan kinoshitalite in Mn-rich marble and skarn from Virginia, American Mineralogist, 88, 740-747 [view file]
Yang J B, Zhou X D, Yelon W B, James W J, Cai Q, Gopalakrishnan K V, Malik S K, Sun X C, Nikles D E (2004) Magnetic and structural studies of the Verwey transition in Fe_3–δO₄ nanoparticles, Journal of Applied Physics, 95, 7540-7542
Hamilton V E, McSween H Y, Hapke B (2005) Mineralogy of Martian atmospheric dust inferred from thermal infrared spectra of aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, E12006 [link]
Cvejic Z, Rakic S, Kremenovic A, Antic B, Jovalekic C, Colomban P (2006) Nanosize ferrites obtained by ball milling: crystal structure, cation distribution, size-strain analysis and Raman investigations, Solid State Sciences, 8, 908-915
Schmidbauer E, Keller M (2006) Magnetic hysteresis properties, Mossbauer spectra and structural data of spherical 250 nm particles of solid solutions Fe3O4-γ-Fe2O3, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 297, 107-117
Gatta G D, Kantor I, Ballaran T B, Dubrovinsky L, McCammon C (2007) Effect of non-hydrostatic conditions on the elastic behaviour of magnetite: an in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 34, 627-635
Glass B P, Fries M (2008) Micro-Raman spectroscopic study of fine-grained, shock-metamorphosed rock fragments from the Australasian microtektite layer, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 43, 1487-1496 [view file]
Bosi F, Hålenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvöspinel series, American Mineralogist, 94, 181-189 [view file]
Gotic M, Koscec G, Music S (2009) Study of the reduction and reoxidation of substoichiometric magnetite, Journal of Molecular Structure, 924-26, 347-354
Gorski C A, Scherer M M (2010) Determination of nanoparticulate magnetite stoichiometry by Mössbauer spectroscopy, acidic dissolution, and powder X-ray diffraction: A critical review, American Mineralogist, 95, 1017-1026
Crisan O, Crisan A D (2011) Phase transformation and exchange bias effects in mechanically alloyed Fe/magnetite powders, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 509, 6522-6527
Zinin P, Tatsumi-Petrochilos L, Bonal L, Acosta T, Hammer J, Gilder S, Fuller M (2011) Raman spectroscopy of titanomagnetites: Calibration of the intensity of Raman peaks as a sensitive indicator for their Ti content, American Mineralogist, 96, 1537-1546 [view file]
Glazyrin K, McCammon C, Dubrovinsky L, Merlini M, Schollenbruch K, Woodland A, Hanfland M (2012) Effect of high pressure on the crystal structure and electronic properties of magnetite below 25 GPa, American Mineralogist, 97, 128-133 [view file]
Woodland A B, Frost D J, Trots D M, Klimm K, Mezouar M (2012) In situ observation of the breakdown of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) to Fe₄O₅ and hematite at high pressures and temperatures, American Mineralogist, 97, 1808-1811 [view file]
Yamanaka T, Kyono A, Nakamoto Y, Meng Y, Kharlamova S, Struzhkin V V, Mao H (2013) High-pressure phase transitions of Fe_3-xTi_xO₄ solid solution up to 60 GPa correlated with electronic spin transition, American Mineralogist, 98, 736-744
Guignard J, Crichton W A (2014) Synthesis and recovery of bulk Fe₄O₅ from magnetite, Fe₃O₄. A member of a self-similar series of structures for the lower mantle and transition zone, Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 361-371
Koch-Müller M, Mugnaioli E, Rhede D, Speziale S, Kolb U, Wirth R (2014) Synthesis of a quenchable high-pressure form of magnetite (h-Fe₃O₄) with composition ^Fe1(Fe²⁺_0.75Mg_0.26)^Fe2(Fe³⁺_0.70Cr_0.15Al_0.11Si_0.04)₂O₄, American Mineralogist, 99, 2405-2415
Wang M, Chou I, Lu W, de Vivo B (2015) Effects of CH₄ and CO₂ on the sulfidization of goethite and magnetite: an in situ Raman spectroscopic study in high-pressure capillary optical cells at room temperature, European Journal of Mineralogy, 27, 193-201
Anjuma S, Tufail R, Rashid K, Zia R, Riaz S (2017) Effect of cobalt doping on crystallinity, stability, magnetic and optical properties of magnetic iron oxide nano-particles, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 432, 198-207
Giebel R J, Gauert C D K, Marks M A W, Costin G, Markl G (2017) Multi-stage formation of REE minerals in the Palabora Carbonatite Complex, South Africa, American Mineralogist, 102, 1218-1233
Uenver-Thiele L, Woodland A B, Ballaran T B, Miyajima N, Frost D J (2017) Phase relations of Fe-Mg spinels including new high-pressure post-spinel phases and implications for natural samples, American Mineralogist, 102, 2054-2064
Beckett-Brown C E, McDonald A M (2018) The crystal-chemistry of Ni-bearing spinel-group minerals: Chemical, geological, and exploration implications, The Canadian Mineralogist, 56, 77-94
Bowles J F W, Suárez S, Prichard H M, Fisher P C (2018) The mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the alluvial platinum-group minerals of the Freetown Layered Complex, Sierra Leone, Mineralogical Magazine, 82, S223-S246
Capitani G C, Ventruti G (2018) Ni-serpentine nanoflakes in the garnierite ore from Campello Monti (Strona Valley, Italy): Népouite with some pecoraite outlines and the processing of Ni-containing ore bodies, American Mineralogist, 103, 629-644
Morrison S M, Downs R T, Blake D F, Prabhu A, Eleish A, Vaniman D T, Ming D W, Rampe E B, Hazen R M, Achilles C N, Treiman A H, Yen A S, Morris R V, Bristow T F, Chipera S J, Sarrazin P C, Fendrich K V, Morookian J M, Farmer J D, Des Marais D J, Craig P I (2018) Relationships between unit-cell parameters and composition for rock-forming minerals on Earth, Mars, and other extraterrestrial bodies, American Mineralogist, 103, 848-856 [view file]
Morrison S M, Downs R T, Blake D F, Vaniman D T, Ming D W, Hazen R M, Treiman A H, Achilles C N, Yen A S, Morris R V, Rampe E B, Bristow T F, Chipera S J, Sarrazin P C, Gellert R, Fendrich K V, Morookian J M, Farmer J D, Des Marais D J, Craig P I (2018) Crystal chemistry of martian minerals from Bradbury Landing through Naukluft Plateau, Gale crater, Mars, American Mineralogist, 103, 857-871 [view file]
Plotinskaya O Y, Abramova V D, Groznova E O, Tessalina S G, Seltmann R, Spratt J (2018) Trace-element geochemistry of molybdenite from porphyry Cu deposits of the Birgilda-Tomino ore cluster (South Urals, Russia), Mineralogical Magazine, 82, S281-S306
Bosi F, Biagioni C, Pasero M (2019) Nomenclature and classification of the spinel supergroup, European Journal of Mineralogy, 31, 183-192 [view file]
Knafelc J, Filiberto J, Ferré E C, Conder J A, Costello L, Crandall J R, Dyar M D, Friedman S A, Hummer D R, Schwenzer S P (2019) The effect of oxidation on the mineralogy and magnetic properties of olivine, American Mineralogist, 104, 694-702
Siersch N C, Criniti G, Kurnosov A, Glazyrin K, Antonangeli D (2023) Thermal equation of state of Fe₃O₄ magnetite up to 16 GPa and 1100 K, American Mineralogist, 108, 1322-1329

REFERENCES for Magnetite

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database Record: [view record]

Anthony J W, Bideaux R A, Bladh K W, and Nichols M C (1990) Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson Arizona, USA, by permission of the Mineralogical Society of America. [view file]

Hoffmann C A S (1789) Mineralsystem des Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben von C A S Hoffmann, Bergmannisches Journal, 1, 369-398 [view file]

Haidinger W (1845) Zweite Klasse: Geogenide. XI. Ordnung, Erze. X. Eisennerz. Magnetit., in Handbuch der Bestimmenden Mineralogie Bei Braumüller and Seidel Wien 546-555 [view file]

Hutton C O (1950) Studies of heavy detrital minerals, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 61, 635-710 [view file]

Bernal J D, Dasgupta D R, Mackay A L (1959) The oxides and hydroxides of iron and their structural inter-relationships, Clay Minerals Bulletin, 4, 15-30

Feitknecht W, Brunner P, Oswalk HR (1962) Über den Einfluβ der Feuchtigkeit auf die Oxydation von Manganhydroxid durch molekularen Sauerstoff, Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, 316, 154-160

Gorton A T, Bitsianes G, Joseph T L (1965) Thermal expansion coefficients for iron and its oxides from X-ray diffraction measurements at elevated temperatures, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 233, 1519-1525

Pajari G E (1966) Abstract of paper presented at the eleventh meeting: The variation of magnetite–ulvospinel and hematite–ilmenite compositions in a differentiated alkaline intrusive, The Canadian Mineralogist, 8, 670-670 [view file]

Annersten H, Hafner S S (1973) Vacancy distribution in synthetic spinels of the series Fe304–γ–Fe2O3, Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 137, 321-340

Volenik K, Seberini M, Neid J (1975) A Mössbauer and X-ray diffraction study of nonstoichiometry in magnetite, Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 25, 1063-1071

Henriquez F, Martin R F (1978) Crystal-growth texture in magnetite flows and feeder dykes, El Laco, Chile, The Canadian Mineralogist, 16, 581-589 [view file]

Fleet M E, Bilcox G A, Barnett R L (1980) Oriented magnetite inclusions in pyroxenes from the Grenville province, The Canadian Mineralogist, 18, 89-99 [view file]

D’arco P, Maury R C (1981) Comparative geothermometry of some magnetite–ilmenite–orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene associations from volcanic rocks, The Canadian Mineralogist, 19, 461-467 [view file]

Fleet M E (1981) The structure of magnetite, Acta Crystallographica, B37, 917-920

Spear F S (1982) Phase equilibria of amphibolites from the post pond volcanics, Mt. cube quadrangle, Vermont, Journal of Petrology, 23, 383-426

Fleet M E (1984) The structure of magnetite: two annealed natural magnetites, Fe_3.005O₄ and Fe_2.96Mg_0.04O₄, Acta Crystallographica, C40, 1491-1493

Wechsler B A, Lindsley D H, Prewitt C T (1984) Crystal structure and cation distribution in titanomagnetites (Fe_3-xTi_xO₄), American Mineralogist, 69, 754-770 [view file]

Fleet M E (1986) The structure of magnetite: symmetry of cubic spinels, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 62, 75-82

Hill R L, Sack R O (1987) Thermodynamic properties of Fe-Mg titaniferous magnetite spinels, The Canadian Mineralogist, 25, 443-464 [view file]

Schwertmann U, Murad E (1990) The influence of aluminum on iron oxides: XIV. Al-substituted magnetite synthesized at ambient temperatures, Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 196-202 [view file]

Banin A, Ben-Shlomo T, Margulies L, Blake D F, Mancinelli R L (1993) The nanophase iron mineral(s) in Mars soil, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 20831-20853

O'Neill H S C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from Powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr₂O₄, ZnCr₂O₄, Fe₃O₄ and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl₂O₄, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 20, 541-555 [view file]

Maier W D, Barnes S J (1996) Unusually high concentrations of magnetite at Caraíba and other Cu-sulfide deposits in the Curaçá Valley, Bahia, Brazil, The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 717-731 [view file]

de Faria D L A, Silva S V, de Oliveira M T (1997) Raman microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 28, 873-878 [link]

Oh S J, Cook D C, Townsend H E (1998) Characterization of iron oxides commonly formed as corrosion products on steel, Hyperfine Interactions, 112, 59-65 [link]

Gasparov L V, Tanner D B, Romero D B, Berger H, Margaritondo G, Forro L (2000) Infrared and Raman studies of the Verwey transition in magnetite, Physical Review B, 62, 7939-7944

Beard J S, Tracy R J (2002) Spinels and other oxides in Mn-rich rocks from the Hutter Mine, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, U.S.A.: implications for miscibility and solvus relations among jacobsite, galaxite, and magnetite, American Mineralogist, 87, 690-698 [view file]

Frankel R B, Bazylinski D A (2003) Biologically induced mineralization by bacteria, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 54, 95-114

Kretz R (2003) Dendritic magnetite and ilmenite in 590 Ma Grenville dikes near Otter Lake, Quebec, Canada, The Canadian Mineralogist, 41, 1049-1059 [view file]

Ondruš P, Veselovský F, Gabašová A, Hloušek J, Šrein V, Vavrín I, Skála R, Sejkora J, Drábek M (2003) Primary minerals of the Jáchymov ore district, Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 48, 19-147 [view file]

Shebanova O N, Lazor P (2003) Raman study of magnetite (Fe₃O₄): laser-induced thermal effects and oxidation, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34, 845-852

Tracy R J, Beard J S (2003) Manganoan kinoshitalite in Mn-rich marble and skarn from Virginia, American Mineralogist, 88, 740-747 [view file]

Yang J B, Zhou X D, Yelon W B, James W J, Cai Q, Gopalakrishnan K V, Malik S K, Sun X C, Nikles D E (2004) Magnetic and structural studies of the Verwey transition in Fe_3–δO₄ nanoparticles, Journal of Applied Physics, 95, 7540-7542

Hamilton V E, McSween H Y, Hapke B (2005) Mineralogy of Martian atmospheric dust inferred from thermal infrared spectra of aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, E12006 [link]

Cvejic Z, Rakic S, Kremenovic A, Antic B, Jovalekic C, Colomban P (2006) Nanosize ferrites obtained by ball milling: crystal structure, cation distribution, size-strain analysis and Raman investigations, Solid State Sciences, 8, 908-915

Schmidbauer E, Keller M (2006) Magnetic hysteresis properties, Mossbauer spectra and structural data of spherical 250 nm particles of solid solutions Fe3O4-γ-Fe2O3, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 297, 107-117

Gatta G D, Kantor I, Ballaran T B, Dubrovinsky L, McCammon C (2007) Effect of non-hydrostatic conditions on the elastic behaviour of magnetite: an in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 34, 627-635

Glass B P, Fries M (2008) Micro-Raman spectroscopic study of fine-grained, shock-metamorphosed rock fragments from the Australasian microtektite layer, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 43, 1487-1496 [view file]

Bosi F, Hålenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvöspinel series, American Mineralogist, 94, 181-189 [view file]

Gotic M, Koscec G, Music S (2009) Study of the reduction and reoxidation of substoichiometric magnetite, Journal of Molecular Structure, 924-26, 347-354

Gorski C A, Scherer M M (2010) Determination of nanoparticulate magnetite stoichiometry by Mössbauer spectroscopy, acidic dissolution, and powder X-ray diffraction: A critical review, American Mineralogist, 95, 1017-1026

Crisan O, Crisan A D (2011) Phase transformation and exchange bias effects in mechanically alloyed Fe/magnetite powders, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 509, 6522-6527

Zinin P, Tatsumi-Petrochilos L, Bonal L, Acosta T, Hammer J, Gilder S, Fuller M (2011) Raman spectroscopy of titanomagnetites: Calibration of the intensity of Raman peaks as a sensitive indicator for their Ti content, American Mineralogist, 96, 1537-1546 [view file]

Glazyrin K, McCammon C, Dubrovinsky L, Merlini M, Schollenbruch K, Woodland A, Hanfland M (2012) Effect of high pressure on the crystal structure and electronic properties of magnetite below 25 GPa, American Mineralogist, 97, 128-133 [view file]

Woodland A B, Frost D J, Trots D M, Klimm K, Mezouar M (2012) In situ observation of the breakdown of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) to Fe₄O₅ and hematite at high pressures and temperatures, American Mineralogist, 97, 1808-1811 [view file]

Yamanaka T, Kyono A, Nakamoto Y, Meng Y, Kharlamova S, Struzhkin V V, Mao H (2013) High-pressure phase transitions of Fe_3-xTi_xO₄ solid solution up to 60 GPa correlated with electronic spin transition, American Mineralogist, 98, 736-744

Guignard J, Crichton W A (2014) Synthesis and recovery of bulk Fe₄O₅ from magnetite, Fe₃O₄. A member of a self-similar series of structures for the lower mantle and transition zone, Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 361-371

Koch-Müller M, Mugnaioli E, Rhede D, Speziale S, Kolb U, Wirth R (2014) Synthesis of a quenchable high-pressure form of magnetite (h-Fe₃O₄) with composition ^Fe1(Fe²⁺_0.75Mg_0.26)^Fe2(Fe³⁺_0.70Cr_0.15Al_0.11Si_0.04)₂O₄, American Mineralogist, 99, 2405-2415

Wang M, Chou I, Lu W, de Vivo B (2015) Effects of CH₄ and CO₂ on the sulfidization of goethite and magnetite: an in situ Raman spectroscopic study in high-pressure capillary optical cells at room temperature, European Journal of Mineralogy, 27, 193-201

Anjuma S, Tufail R, Rashid K, Zia R, Riaz S (2017) Effect of cobalt doping on crystallinity, stability, magnetic and optical properties of magnetic iron oxide nano-particles, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 432, 198-207

Giebel R J, Gauert C D K, Marks M A W, Costin G, Markl G (2017) Multi-stage formation of REE minerals in the Palabora Carbonatite Complex, South Africa, American Mineralogist, 102, 1218-1233

Uenver-Thiele L, Woodland A B, Ballaran T B, Miyajima N, Frost D J (2017) Phase relations of Fe-Mg spinels including new high-pressure post-spinel phases and implications for natural samples, American Mineralogist, 102, 2054-2064

Beckett-Brown C E, McDonald A M (2018) The crystal-chemistry of Ni-bearing spinel-group minerals: Chemical, geological, and exploration implications, The Canadian Mineralogist, 56, 77-94

Bowles J F W, Suárez S, Prichard H M, Fisher P C (2018) The mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the alluvial platinum-group minerals of the Freetown Layered Complex, Sierra Leone, Mineralogical Magazine, 82, S223-S246

Capitani G C, Ventruti G (2018) Ni-serpentine nanoflakes in the garnierite ore from Campello Monti (Strona Valley, Italy): Népouite with some pecoraite outlines and the processing of Ni-containing ore bodies, American Mineralogist, 103, 629-644

Morrison S M, Downs R T, Blake D F, Prabhu A, Eleish A, Vaniman D T, Ming D W, Rampe E B, Hazen R M, Achilles C N, Treiman A H, Yen A S, Morris R V, Bristow T F, Chipera S J, Sarrazin P C, Fendrich K V, Morookian J M, Farmer J D, Des Marais D J, Craig P I (2018) Relationships between unit-cell parameters and composition for rock-forming minerals on Earth, Mars, and other extraterrestrial bodies, American Mineralogist, 103, 848-856 [view file]

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