Magnetite R060222 - RRUFF Database: Raman, X-ray, Infrared, and Chemistry

Magnetite R060222

Name: Magnetite
RRUFF ID: R060222
Ideal Chemistry: Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄
Locality: Cerro Huañaquino, Potosi Department, Bolivia
Source: Rock Currier [view label]
Owner: RRUFF
Description: Black octahedra, the surface is hematite and the interior is magnetite
Status: The identification of this mineral has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis

Mineral Group: [ Spinel (66) ]

Quick search: [ All Magnetite samples (6) ]

CHEMISTRY

RRUFF ID:	R060222.2
Sample Description:	Microprobe fragment
Measured Chemistry:	(Fe²⁺_0.95Mg_0.05)(Fe³⁺_0.99Al_0.01)₂O₄
Microprobe Data File:	[ Download Excel File ]

RAMAN SPECTRUM

RRUFF ID:

Sample Description:

Sample is oriented and mounted on a pin.

Pin ID:

L01600

Orientation:

Laser parallel to a* (1 0 0). Fiducial mark perpendicular to laser is parallel to b [0 1 0].

DOWNLOADS:

To download sample data,
please select a specific
orientation angle.

BROAD SCAN WITH SPECTRAL ARTIFACTS

RRUFF ID:

R060222

Wavelength:

Sample Description:

Unoriented sample

Instrument settings:

Thermo Almega XR 532nm @ 100% of 150mW

DOWNLOADS:

	Raman Data (RAW)
	RRUFF File

POWDER DIFFRACTION

RRUFF ID:

R060222.1

Sample Description:

Powder, cell parameters are from single crystal

Cell Refinement Output:

a: 8.390(2)Å b: 8.390(2)Å c: 8.390(2)Å
alpha: 90° beta: 90° gamma: 90° Volume: 590.50(8)Å³ Crystal System: cubic

File Type Information

Output file from the Bruker D8 Advance instrument. Includes device headers and XY data.

DOWNLOADS:

	X-ray Data (XY - RAW)
	RRUFF File

REFERENCES for Magnetite
American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database Record: [view record]
Anthony J W, Bideaux R A, Bladh K W, and Nichols M C (1990) Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson Arizona, USA, by permission of the Mineralogical Society of America. [view file]
Hoffmann C A S (1789) Mineralsystem des Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben von C A S Hoffmann, Bergmannisches Journal, 1, 369-398 [view file]
Haidinger W (1845) Zweite Klasse: Geogenide. XI. Ordnung, Erze. X. Eisennerz. Magnetit., in Handbuch der Bestimmenden Mineralogie Bei Braumüller and Seidel Wien 546-555 [view file]
Hutton C O (1950) Studies of heavy detrital minerals, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 61, 635-710 [view file]
Bernal J D, Dasgupta D R, Mackay A L (1959) The oxides and hydroxides of iron and their structural inter-relationships, Clay Minerals Bulletin, 4, 15-30
Feitknecht W, Brunner P, Oswalk HR (1962) Über den Einfluβ der Feuchtigkeit auf die Oxydation von Manganhydroxid durch molekularen Sauerstoff, Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, 316, 154-160
Gorton A T, Bitsianes G, Joseph T L (1965) Thermal expansion coefficients for iron and its oxides from X-ray diffraction measurements at elevated temperatures, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 233, 1519-1525
Pajari G E (1966) Abstract of paper presented at the eleventh meeting: The variation of magnetite–ulvospinel and hematite–ilmenite compositions in a differentiated alkaline intrusive, The Canadian Mineralogist, 8, 670-670 [view file]
Annersten H, Hafner S S (1973) Vacancy distribution in synthetic spinels of the series Fe304–γ–Fe2O3, Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 137, 321-340
Volenik K, Seberini M, Neid J (1975) A Mössbauer and X-ray diffraction study of nonstoichiometry in magnetite, Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 25, 1063-1071
Henriquez F, Martin R F (1978) Crystal-growth texture in magnetite flows and feeder dykes, El Laco, Chile, The Canadian Mineralogist, 16, 581-589 [view file]
Fleet M E, Bilcox G A, Barnett R L (1980) Oriented magnetite inclusions in pyroxenes from the Grenville province, The Canadian Mineralogist, 18, 89-99 [view file]
D’arco P, Maury R C (1981) Comparative geothermometry of some magnetite–ilmenite–orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene associations from volcanic rocks, The Canadian Mineralogist, 19, 461-467 [view file]
Fleet M E (1981) The structure of magnetite, Acta Crystallographica, B37, 917-920
Spear F S (1982) Phase equilibria of amphibolites from the post pond volcanics, Mt. cube quadrangle, Vermont, Journal of Petrology, 23, 383-426
Fleet M E (1984) The structure of magnetite: two annealed natural magnetites, Fe_3.005O₄ and Fe_2.96Mg_0.04O₄, Acta Crystallographica, C40, 1491-1493
Wechsler B A, Lindsley D H, Prewitt C T (1984) Crystal structure and cation distribution in titanomagnetites (Fe_3-xTi_xO₄), American Mineralogist, 69, 754-770 [view file]
Fleet M E (1986) The structure of magnetite: symmetry of cubic spinels, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 62, 75-82
Hill R L, Sack R O (1987) Thermodynamic properties of Fe-Mg titaniferous magnetite spinels, The Canadian Mineralogist, 25, 443-464 [view file]
Schwertmann U, Murad E (1990) The influence of aluminum on iron oxides: XIV. Al-substituted magnetite synthesized at ambient temperatures, Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 196-202 [view file]
Banin A, Ben-Shlomo T, Margulies L, Blake D F, Mancinelli R L (1993) The nanophase iron mineral(s) in Mars soil, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 20831-20853
O'Neill H S C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from Powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr₂O₄, ZnCr₂O₄, Fe₃O₄ and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl₂O₄, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 20, 541-555 [view file]
Maier W D, Barnes S J (1996) Unusually high concentrations of magnetite at Caraíba and other Cu-sulfide deposits in the Curaçá Valley, Bahia, Brazil, The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 717-731 [view file]
de Faria D L A, Silva S V, de Oliveira M T (1997) Raman microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 28, 873-878 [link]
Oh S J, Cook D C, Townsend H E (1998) Characterization of iron oxides commonly formed as corrosion products on steel, Hyperfine Interactions, 112, 59-65 [link]
Gasparov L V, Tanner D B, Romero D B, Berger H, Margaritondo G, Forro L (2000) Infrared and Raman studies of the Verwey transition in magnetite, Physical Review B, 62, 7939-7944
Beard J S, Tracy R J (2002) Spinels and other oxides in Mn-rich rocks from the Hutter Mine, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, U.S.A.: implications for miscibility and solvus relations among jacobsite, galaxite, and magnetite, American Mineralogist, 87, 690-698 [view file]
Frankel R B, Bazylinski D A (2003) Biologically induced mineralization by bacteria, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 54, 95-114
Kretz R (2003) Dendritic magnetite and ilmenite in 590 Ma Grenville dikes near Otter Lake, Quebec, Canada, The Canadian Mineralogist, 41, 1049-1059 [view file]
Ondruš P, Veselovský F, Gabašová A, Hloušek J, Šrein V, Vavrín I, Skála R, Sejkora J, Drábek M (2003) Primary minerals of the Jáchymov ore district, Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 48, 19-147 [view file]
Shebanova O N, Lazor P (2003) Raman study of magnetite (Fe₃O₄): laser-induced thermal effects and oxidation, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34, 845-852
Tracy R J, Beard J S (2003) Manganoan kinoshitalite in Mn-rich marble and skarn from Virginia, American Mineralogist, 88, 740-747 [view file]
Yang J B, Zhou X D, Yelon W B, James W J, Cai Q, Gopalakrishnan K V, Malik S K, Sun X C, Nikles D E (2004) Magnetic and structural studies of the Verwey transition in Fe_3–δO₄ nanoparticles, Journal of Applied Physics, 95, 7540-7542
Hamilton V E, McSween H Y, Hapke B (2005) Mineralogy of Martian atmospheric dust inferred from thermal infrared spectra of aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, E12006 [link]
Cvejic Z, Rakic S, Kremenovic A, Antic B, Jovalekic C, Colomban P (2006) Nanosize ferrites obtained by ball milling: crystal structure, cation distribution, size-strain analysis and Raman investigations, Solid State Sciences, 8, 908-915
Schmidbauer E, Keller M (2006) Magnetic hysteresis properties, Mossbauer spectra and structural data of spherical 250 nm particles of solid solutions Fe3O4-γ-Fe2O3, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 297, 107-117
Gatta G D, Kantor I, Ballaran T B, Dubrovinsky L, McCammon C (2007) Effect of non-hydrostatic conditions on the elastic behaviour of magnetite: an in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 34, 627-635
Glass B P, Fries M (2008) Micro-Raman spectroscopic study of fine-grained, shock-metamorphosed rock fragments from the Australasian microtektite layer, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 43, 1487-1496 [view file]
Bosi F, Hålenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvöspinel series, American Mineralogist, 94, 181-189 [view file]
Gotic M, Koscec G, Music S (2009) Study of the reduction and reoxidation of substoichiometric magnetite, Journal of Molecular Structure, 924-26, 347-354
Gorski C A, Scherer M M (2010) Determination of nanoparticulate magnetite stoichiometry by Mössbauer spectroscopy, acidic dissolution, and powder X-ray diffraction: A critical review, American Mineralogist, 95, 1017-1026
Crisan O, Crisan A D (2011) Phase transformation and exchange bias effects in mechanically alloyed Fe/magnetite powders, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 509, 6522-6527
Zinin P, Tatsumi-Petrochilos L, Bonal L, Acosta T, Hammer J, Gilder S, Fuller M (2011) Raman spectroscopy of titanomagnetites: Calibration of the intensity of Raman peaks as a sensitive indicator for their Ti content, American Mineralogist, 96, 1537-1546 [view file]
Glazyrin K, McCammon C, Dubrovinsky L, Merlini M, Schollenbruch K, Woodland A, Hanfland M (2012) Effect of high pressure on the crystal structure and electronic properties of magnetite below 25 GPa, American Mineralogist, 97, 128-133 [view file]
Woodland A B, Frost D J, Trots D M, Klimm K, Mezouar M (2012) In situ observation of the breakdown of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) to Fe₄O₅ and hematite at high pressures and temperatures, American Mineralogist, 97, 1808-1811 [view file]
Yamanaka T, Kyono A, Nakamoto Y, Meng Y, Kharlamova S, Struzhkin V V, Mao H (2013) High-pressure phase transitions of Fe_3-xTi_xO₄ solid solution up to 60 GPa correlated with electronic spin transition, American Mineralogist, 98, 736-744
Guignard J, Crichton W A (2014) Synthesis and recovery of bulk Fe₄O₅ from magnetite, Fe₃O₄. A member of a self-similar series of structures for the lower mantle and transition zone, Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 361-371
Koch-Müller M, Mugnaioli E, Rhede D, Speziale S, Kolb U, Wirth R (2014) Synthesis of a quenchable high-pressure form of magnetite (h-Fe₃O₄) with composition ^Fe1(Fe²⁺_0.75Mg_0.26)^Fe2(Fe³⁺_0.70Cr_0.15Al_0.11Si_0.04)₂O₄, American Mineralogist, 99, 2405-2415
Wang M, Chou I, Lu W, de Vivo B (2015) Effects of CH₄ and CO₂ on the sulfidization of goethite and magnetite: an in situ Raman spectroscopic study in high-pressure capillary optical cells at room temperature, European Journal of Mineralogy, 27, 193-201
Anjuma S, Tufail R, Rashid K, Zia R, Riaz S (2017) Effect of cobalt doping on crystallinity, stability, magnetic and optical properties of magnetic iron oxide nano-particles, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 432, 198-207
Giebel R J, Gauert C D K, Marks M A W, Costin G, Markl G (2017) Multi-stage formation of REE minerals in the Palabora Carbonatite Complex, South Africa, American Mineralogist, 102, 1218-1233
Uenver-Thiele L, Woodland A B, Ballaran T B, Miyajima N, Frost D J (2017) Phase relations of Fe-Mg spinels including new high-pressure post-spinel phases and implications for natural samples, American Mineralogist, 102, 2054-2064
Beckett-Brown C E, McDonald A M (2018) The crystal-chemistry of Ni-bearing spinel-group minerals: Chemical, geological, and exploration implications, The Canadian Mineralogist, 56, 77-94
Bowles J F W, Suárez S, Prichard H M, Fisher P C (2018) The mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the alluvial platinum-group minerals of the Freetown Layered Complex, Sierra Leone, Mineralogical Magazine, 82, S223-S246
Capitani G C, Ventruti G (2018) Ni-serpentine nanoflakes in the garnierite ore from Campello Monti (Strona Valley, Italy): Népouite with some pecoraite outlines and the processing of Ni-containing ore bodies, American Mineralogist, 103, 629-644
Morrison S M, Downs R T, Blake D F, Prabhu A, Eleish A, Vaniman D T, Ming D W, Rampe E B, Hazen R M, Achilles C N, Treiman A H, Yen A S, Morris R V, Bristow T F, Chipera S J, Sarrazin P C, Fendrich K V, Morookian J M, Farmer J D, Des Marais D J, Craig P I (2018) Relationships between unit-cell parameters and composition for rock-forming minerals on Earth, Mars, and other extraterrestrial bodies, American Mineralogist, 103, 848-856 [view file]
Morrison S M, Downs R T, Blake D F, Vaniman D T, Ming D W, Hazen R M, Treiman A H, Achilles C N, Yen A S, Morris R V, Rampe E B, Bristow T F, Chipera S J, Sarrazin P C, Gellert R, Fendrich K V, Morookian J M, Farmer J D, Des Marais D J, Craig P I (2018) Crystal chemistry of martian minerals from Bradbury Landing through Naukluft Plateau, Gale crater, Mars, American Mineralogist, 103, 857-871 [view file]
Plotinskaya O Y, Abramova V D, Groznova E O, Tessalina S G, Seltmann R, Spratt J (2018) Trace-element geochemistry of molybdenite from porphyry Cu deposits of the Birgilda-Tomino ore cluster (South Urals, Russia), Mineralogical Magazine, 82, S281-S306
Bosi F, Biagioni C, Pasero M (2019) Nomenclature and classification of the spinel supergroup, European Journal of Mineralogy, 31, 183-192 [view file]
Knafelc J, Filiberto J, Ferré E C, Conder J A, Costello L, Crandall J R, Dyar M D, Friedman S A, Hummer D R, Schwenzer S P (2019) The effect of oxidation on the mineralogy and magnetic properties of olivine, American Mineralogist, 104, 694-702
Siersch N C, Criniti G, Kurnosov A, Glazyrin K, Antonangeli D (2023) Thermal equation of state of Fe₃O₄ magnetite up to 16 GPa and 1100 K, American Mineralogist, 108, 1322-1329

REFERENCES for Magnetite

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database Record: [view record]

Anthony J W, Bideaux R A, Bladh K W, and Nichols M C (1990) Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson Arizona, USA, by permission of the Mineralogical Society of America. [view file]

Hoffmann C A S (1789) Mineralsystem des Herrn Inspektor Werners mit dessen Erlaubnis herausgegeben von C A S Hoffmann, Bergmannisches Journal, 1, 369-398 [view file]

Haidinger W (1845) Zweite Klasse: Geogenide. XI. Ordnung, Erze. X. Eisennerz. Magnetit., in Handbuch der Bestimmenden Mineralogie Bei Braumüller and Seidel Wien 546-555 [view file]

Hutton C O (1950) Studies of heavy detrital minerals, Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 61, 635-710 [view file]

Bernal J D, Dasgupta D R, Mackay A L (1959) The oxides and hydroxides of iron and their structural inter-relationships, Clay Minerals Bulletin, 4, 15-30

Feitknecht W, Brunner P, Oswalk HR (1962) Über den Einfluβ der Feuchtigkeit auf die Oxydation von Manganhydroxid durch molekularen Sauerstoff, Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, 316, 154-160

Gorton A T, Bitsianes G, Joseph T L (1965) Thermal expansion coefficients for iron and its oxides from X-ray diffraction measurements at elevated temperatures, Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 233, 1519-1525

Pajari G E (1966) Abstract of paper presented at the eleventh meeting: The variation of magnetite–ulvospinel and hematite–ilmenite compositions in a differentiated alkaline intrusive, The Canadian Mineralogist, 8, 670-670 [view file]

Annersten H, Hafner S S (1973) Vacancy distribution in synthetic spinels of the series Fe304–γ–Fe2O3, Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 137, 321-340

Volenik K, Seberini M, Neid J (1975) A Mössbauer and X-ray diffraction study of nonstoichiometry in magnetite, Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 25, 1063-1071

Henriquez F, Martin R F (1978) Crystal-growth texture in magnetite flows and feeder dykes, El Laco, Chile, The Canadian Mineralogist, 16, 581-589 [view file]

Fleet M E, Bilcox G A, Barnett R L (1980) Oriented magnetite inclusions in pyroxenes from the Grenville province, The Canadian Mineralogist, 18, 89-99 [view file]

D’arco P, Maury R C (1981) Comparative geothermometry of some magnetite–ilmenite–orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene associations from volcanic rocks, The Canadian Mineralogist, 19, 461-467 [view file]

Fleet M E (1981) The structure of magnetite, Acta Crystallographica, B37, 917-920

Spear F S (1982) Phase equilibria of amphibolites from the post pond volcanics, Mt. cube quadrangle, Vermont, Journal of Petrology, 23, 383-426

Fleet M E (1984) The structure of magnetite: two annealed natural magnetites, Fe_3.005O₄ and Fe_2.96Mg_0.04O₄, Acta Crystallographica, C40, 1491-1493

Wechsler B A, Lindsley D H, Prewitt C T (1984) Crystal structure and cation distribution in titanomagnetites (Fe_3-xTi_xO₄), American Mineralogist, 69, 754-770 [view file]

Fleet M E (1986) The structure of magnetite: symmetry of cubic spinels, Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 62, 75-82

Hill R L, Sack R O (1987) Thermodynamic properties of Fe-Mg titaniferous magnetite spinels, The Canadian Mineralogist, 25, 443-464 [view file]

Schwertmann U, Murad E (1990) The influence of aluminum on iron oxides: XIV. Al-substituted magnetite synthesized at ambient temperatures, Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 196-202 [view file]

Banin A, Ben-Shlomo T, Margulies L, Blake D F, Mancinelli R L (1993) The nanophase iron mineral(s) in Mars soil, Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 20831-20853

O'Neill H S C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from Powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr₂O₄, ZnCr₂O₄, Fe₃O₄ and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl₂O₄, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 20, 541-555 [view file]

Maier W D, Barnes S J (1996) Unusually high concentrations of magnetite at Caraíba and other Cu-sulfide deposits in the Curaçá Valley, Bahia, Brazil, The Canadian Mineralogist, 34, 717-731 [view file]

de Faria D L A, Silva S V, de Oliveira M T (1997) Raman microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 28, 873-878 [link]

Oh S J, Cook D C, Townsend H E (1998) Characterization of iron oxides commonly formed as corrosion products on steel, Hyperfine Interactions, 112, 59-65 [link]

Gasparov L V, Tanner D B, Romero D B, Berger H, Margaritondo G, Forro L (2000) Infrared and Raman studies of the Verwey transition in magnetite, Physical Review B, 62, 7939-7944

Beard J S, Tracy R J (2002) Spinels and other oxides in Mn-rich rocks from the Hutter Mine, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, U.S.A.: implications for miscibility and solvus relations among jacobsite, galaxite, and magnetite, American Mineralogist, 87, 690-698 [view file]

Frankel R B, Bazylinski D A (2003) Biologically induced mineralization by bacteria, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 54, 95-114

Kretz R (2003) Dendritic magnetite and ilmenite in 590 Ma Grenville dikes near Otter Lake, Quebec, Canada, The Canadian Mineralogist, 41, 1049-1059 [view file]

Ondruš P, Veselovský F, Gabašová A, Hloušek J, Šrein V, Vavrín I, Skála R, Sejkora J, Drábek M (2003) Primary minerals of the Jáchymov ore district, Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 48, 19-147 [view file]

Shebanova O N, Lazor P (2003) Raman study of magnetite (Fe₃O₄): laser-induced thermal effects and oxidation, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34, 845-852

Tracy R J, Beard J S (2003) Manganoan kinoshitalite in Mn-rich marble and skarn from Virginia, American Mineralogist, 88, 740-747 [view file]

Yang J B, Zhou X D, Yelon W B, James W J, Cai Q, Gopalakrishnan K V, Malik S K, Sun X C, Nikles D E (2004) Magnetic and structural studies of the Verwey transition in Fe_3–δO₄ nanoparticles, Journal of Applied Physics, 95, 7540-7542

Hamilton V E, McSween H Y, Hapke B (2005) Mineralogy of Martian atmospheric dust inferred from thermal infrared spectra of aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, E12006 [link]

Cvejic Z, Rakic S, Kremenovic A, Antic B, Jovalekic C, Colomban P (2006) Nanosize ferrites obtained by ball milling: crystal structure, cation distribution, size-strain analysis and Raman investigations, Solid State Sciences, 8, 908-915

Schmidbauer E, Keller M (2006) Magnetic hysteresis properties, Mossbauer spectra and structural data of spherical 250 nm particles of solid solutions Fe3O4-γ-Fe2O3, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 297, 107-117

Gatta G D, Kantor I, Ballaran T B, Dubrovinsky L, McCammon C (2007) Effect of non-hydrostatic conditions on the elastic behaviour of magnetite: an in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 34, 627-635

Glass B P, Fries M (2008) Micro-Raman spectroscopic study of fine-grained, shock-metamorphosed rock fragments from the Australasian microtektite layer, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 43, 1487-1496 [view file]

Bosi F, Hålenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvöspinel series, American Mineralogist, 94, 181-189 [view file]

Gotic M, Koscec G, Music S (2009) Study of the reduction and reoxidation of substoichiometric magnetite, Journal of Molecular Structure, 924-26, 347-354

Gorski C A, Scherer M M (2010) Determination of nanoparticulate magnetite stoichiometry by Mössbauer spectroscopy, acidic dissolution, and powder X-ray diffraction: A critical review, American Mineralogist, 95, 1017-1026

Crisan O, Crisan A D (2011) Phase transformation and exchange bias effects in mechanically alloyed Fe/magnetite powders, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 509, 6522-6527

Zinin P, Tatsumi-Petrochilos L, Bonal L, Acosta T, Hammer J, Gilder S, Fuller M (2011) Raman spectroscopy of titanomagnetites: Calibration of the intensity of Raman peaks as a sensitive indicator for their Ti content, American Mineralogist, 96, 1537-1546 [view file]

Glazyrin K, McCammon C, Dubrovinsky L, Merlini M, Schollenbruch K, Woodland A, Hanfland M (2012) Effect of high pressure on the crystal structure and electronic properties of magnetite below 25 GPa, American Mineralogist, 97, 128-133 [view file]

Woodland A B, Frost D J, Trots D M, Klimm K, Mezouar M (2012) In situ observation of the breakdown of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) to Fe₄O₅ and hematite at high pressures and temperatures, American Mineralogist, 97, 1808-1811 [view file]

Yamanaka T, Kyono A, Nakamoto Y, Meng Y, Kharlamova S, Struzhkin V V, Mao H (2013) High-pressure phase transitions of Fe_3-xTi_xO₄ solid solution up to 60 GPa correlated with electronic spin transition, American Mineralogist, 98, 736-744

Guignard J, Crichton W A (2014) Synthesis and recovery of bulk Fe₄O₅ from magnetite, Fe₃O₄. A member of a self-similar series of structures for the lower mantle and transition zone, Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 361-371

Koch-Müller M, Mugnaioli E, Rhede D, Speziale S, Kolb U, Wirth R (2014) Synthesis of a quenchable high-pressure form of magnetite (h-Fe₃O₄) with composition ^Fe1(Fe²⁺_0.75Mg_0.26)^Fe2(Fe³⁺_0.70Cr_0.15Al_0.11Si_0.04)₂O₄, American Mineralogist, 99, 2405-2415

Wang M, Chou I, Lu W, de Vivo B (2015) Effects of CH₄ and CO₂ on the sulfidization of goethite and magnetite: an in situ Raman spectroscopic study in high-pressure capillary optical cells at room temperature, European Journal of Mineralogy, 27, 193-201

Anjuma S, Tufail R, Rashid K, Zia R, Riaz S (2017) Effect of cobalt doping on crystallinity, stability, magnetic and optical properties of magnetic iron oxide nano-particles, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 432, 198-207

Giebel R J, Gauert C D K, Marks M A W, Costin G, Markl G (2017) Multi-stage formation of REE minerals in the Palabora Carbonatite Complex, South Africa, American Mineralogist, 102, 1218-1233

Uenver-Thiele L, Woodland A B, Ballaran T B, Miyajima N, Frost D J (2017) Phase relations of Fe-Mg spinels including new high-pressure post-spinel phases and implications for natural samples, American Mineralogist, 102, 2054-2064

Beckett-Brown C E, McDonald A M (2018) The crystal-chemistry of Ni-bearing spinel-group minerals: Chemical, geological, and exploration implications, The Canadian Mineralogist, 56, 77-94

Bowles J F W, Suárez S, Prichard H M, Fisher P C (2018) The mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the alluvial platinum-group minerals of the Freetown Layered Complex, Sierra Leone, Mineralogical Magazine, 82, S223-S246

Capitani G C, Ventruti G (2018) Ni-serpentine nanoflakes in the garnierite ore from Campello Monti (Strona Valley, Italy): Népouite with some pecoraite outlines and the processing of Ni-containing ore bodies, American Mineralogist, 103, 629-644

Morrison S M, Downs R T, Blake D F, Prabhu A, Eleish A, Vaniman D T, Ming D W, Rampe E B, Hazen R M, Achilles C N, Treiman A H, Yen A S, Morris R V, Bristow T F, Chipera S J, Sarrazin P C, Fendrich K V, Morookian J M, Farmer J D, Des Marais D J, Craig P I (2018) Relationships between unit-cell parameters and composition for rock-forming minerals on Earth, Mars, and other extraterrestrial bodies, American Mineralogist, 103, 848-856 [view file]

Morrison S M, Downs R T, Blake D F, Vaniman D T, Ming D W, Hazen R M, Treiman A H, Achilles C N, Yen A S, Morris R V, Rampe E B, Bristow T F, Chipera S J, Sarrazin P C, Gellert R, Fendrich K V, Morookian J M, Farmer J D, Des Marais D J, Craig P I (2018) Crystal chemistry of martian minerals from Bradbury Landing through Naukluft Plateau, Gale crater, Mars, American Mineralogist, 103, 857-871 [view file]

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