Mineral Evolution Database
Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.
Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org



The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.


Locality Name:
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Oldest recorded age at locality: 1175
Youngest recorded age at locality: 259

mindat Locality ID: 43091
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-43091.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa": 102
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 64

Number of Child Localities: 12
Child Localities:
Amajuba District
eThekwini District
iLembe District
Klipriver District
Sisonke District
Ugu District
UMgungundlovu District
Umkhanyakude District
Umzinyathi District
Uthukela District
Uthungulu District
Zululand District

Latitude: 29°7'18"S
Longitude: 30°21'3"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -29.121666666667,30.350833333333
AThis mineral is Anthropogenic.
GThis mineral is directly dated.
BThis mineral is reported as having this age.
YThis mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
OThis mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
RThe age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
PThe age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Al As Au B Ba Be C Ca Cl Co Cr Cu F Fe H K Li Mg Mn Mo Na Ni O P Pb S Si Sn Ti Zr 

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: Al Ca Fe H O Si 

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality: 
AluniteAmorphousAmphiboleAnalcimeAndalusiteApatiteApophylliteAubertiteBaryteBeryl
BrauniteCalciteChabaziteChalcopyriteChloriteClayClinozoisiteCobaltiteCopiapiteCopper
CoquimbiteCorundumCovelliteDiasporeEpidoteFeldsparFluoriteGarnetGismondineGypsum
GyroliteHalotrichiteHarmotomeHeulanditeHexahydriteHumiteIronKaoliniteKieseriteKornerupine
MalachiteMarcasiteMelanteriteMicaMolybdeniteNatroliteNickelineNoneNot in a structural groupOlivine
PrehnitePyritePyroxeneQuartzRhodoniteRocksaltRutileScapoliteScheeliteSerpentine
Smectite-vermiculiteSpinelStarkeyiteTalcTitaniteTourmalineWavelliteWollastoniteZircon

119 IMA Minerals at location:
Actinolite  (*)Aegirine  (*)Albite  (*)Analcime  (*)Andalusite  (*)
Anorthite  (*)Antigorite  (*)Augite  (*)Azurite  (*)Baryte  (*)
Beryl  (*)Braunite  (*)Calcite  (*)Cassiterite  (*)Chabazite-Ca  (*)
Chabazite-Na  (*)Chalcopyrite  (*)Chantalite  (*)Chondrodite  (*)Chromite  (*)
Chrysotile  (*)Clinochlore  (*)Clinohumite  (*)Clinozoisite  (*)Cobaltite  (*)
Copper  (*)Coquimbite  (*)Cordierite  (*)Corundum  (*)Covellite  (*)
Crandallite  (*)Cummingtonite  (*)Cuprite  (*)Daubréelite  (*)Dickite  (*)
Diopside  (*)Dolomite  (*)Dravite  (*)Epidote  (*)Ferricopiapite  (*)
Ferrimolybdite  (*)Ferro-hornblende  (*)Ferrohexahydrite  (*)Fluorapatite  (*)Fluorapophyllite-(K)  (*)
Fluorite  (*)Forsterite  (*)Gismondine  (*)Goethite  (*)Gold  (*)
Grandidierite  (*)Graphite  (*)Grossular  (*)Gypsum  (*)Halotrichite  (*)
Hedenbergite  (*)Hematite  (*)Hercynite  (*)Heulandite-Ca  (*)Ilmenite  (*)
Ilsemannite  (*)Iron  (*)Jarosite  (*)Kaolinite  (*)Kornerupine  (*)
Kyanite  (*)Laumontite  (*)Magnesio-hornblende  (*)Magnesite  (*)Magnetite  (*)
Malachite  (*)Marcasite  (*)Marialite  (*)Meionite  (*)Melanterite  (*)
Mesolite  (*)Microcline  (*)Molybdenite  (*)Montmorillonite  (*)Muscovite  (*)
Nacrite  (*)Natrolite  (*)Nontronite  (*)Opal  (*)Phillipsite-Ca  (*)
Phillipsite-Na  (*)Phlogopite  (*)Pigeonite  (*)Prehnite  (*)Pyrite  (*)
Pyrolusite  (*)Pyrrhotite  (*)Quartz  (*)Rhodonite  (*)Riebeckite  (*)
Romanèchite  (*)Rozenite  (*)Rutile  (*)Saponite  (*)Sarmientite  (*)
Schreibersite  (*)Scolecite  (*)Siderite  (*)Spinel  (*)Spodumene  (*)
Szomolnokite  (*)Taenite  (*)Talc  (*)Titanite  (*)Tremolite  (*)
Troilite  (*)Truscottite  (*)Wavellite  (*)Wilcoxite  (*)Wollastonite  (*)
Wulfenite  (*)Wüstite  (*)Zircon  (*)Zoisite  (*)
Mineral nameStructural GroupsIMA FormulaMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)# of Sublocalities containing mineralLOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids# of localities containing mineral
Actinolite  (*)Amphibole   Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe2+0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)22612592106278,1063423419
Aegirine  (*)PyroxeneNaFe3+Si2O626125911063501022
Albite  (*)FeldsparNa(AlSi3O8)2612595106289,106293,106328,106339,1063508803
Analcime  (*)AnalcimeNa(AlSi2O6)·H2O26125911062711627
Andalusite  (*)AndalusiteAl2SiO52612592106355,1063571310
Anorthite  (*)FeldsparCa(Al2Si2O8)11063411036
Antigorite  (*)Serpentine ClayMg3Si2O5(OH)42612591106290708
Augite  (*)Pyroxene(Ca,Mg,Fe)2Si2O62612592106341,1063502060
Azurite  (*)Not in a structural groupCu3(CO3)2(OH)226125911063275509
Baryte  (*)BaryteBa(SO4)2612599106266,106269,106271,106273,106274,106275,106276,106279,10628011547
Beryl  (*)BerylBe3Al2Si6O182612592106289,1062934286
Braunite  (*)BrauniteMn2+Mn3+6O8(SiO4)2612591106335483
Calcite  (*)CalciteCa(CO3)2612599106266,106269,106271,106276,106280,106290,106327,106333,10633827770
Cassiterite  (*)RutileSnO22612592106345,1063465171
Chabazite-Ca  (*)ChabaziteCa2[Al4Si8O24]·13H2O2612592106266,106271310
Chabazite-Na  (*)Chabazite(Na3K)[Al4Si8O24]·11H2O261259110627166
Chalcopyrite  (*)ChalcopyriteCuFeS22612593106290,106294,10632727198
Chantalite  (*)NoneCaAl2(SiO4)(OH)426125911062713
Chondrodite  (*)HumiteMg5(SiO4)2F22612591106290285
Chromite  (*)SpinelFe2+Cr2O411063413902
Chrysotile  (*)Serpentine ClayMg3Si2O5(OH)42612591106290951
Clinochlore  (*)Chlorite ClayMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)826125911063281756
Clinohumite  (*)HumiteMg9(SiO4)4F22612591106290236
Clinozoisite  (*)Clinozoisite EpidoteCa2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)26125911062901025
Cobaltite  (*)CobaltiteCoAsS2612591106294966
Copper  (*)CopperCu2612592106327,1063493846
Coquimbite  (*)CoquimbiteAlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12·6H2O2612591106276136
Cordierite  (*)BerylMg2Al4Si5O1826125911062901008
Corundum  (*)CorundumAl2O326125911063251797
Covellite  (*)CovelliteCuS26125911062944165
Crandallite  (*)AluniteCaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)62612591106281310
Cummingtonite  (*)Amphibole   Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)22612591106290327
Cuprite  (*)Not in a structural groupCu2O26125911063272970
Daubréelite  (*)SpinelFeCr2S42612591106353157
Dickite  (*)Clay KaoliniteAl2Si2O5(OH)42612592106269,106271651
Diopside  (*)PyroxeneCaMgSi2O626125911062904135
Dolomite  (*)NoneCaMg(CO3)226125911062909895
Dravite  (*)TourmalineNaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)2612591106290648
Epidote  (*)Epidote ClinozoisiteCa2(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)2612592106266,1062718173
Ferricopiapite  (*)CopiapiteFe3+0.67Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·20H2O2612593106269,106271,10627641
Ferrimolybdite  (*)NoneFe3+2(Mo6+O4)3·7H2O2612591106271345
Ferro-hornblende  (*)Amphibole   Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)211752590271
Ferrohexahydrite  (*)HexahydriteFe2+(SO4)·6H2O261259110627621
Fluorapatite  (*)ApatiteCa5(PO4)3F2612593106272,106281,1062902740
Fluorapophyllite-(K)  (*)ApophylliteKCa4Si8O20F·8H2O2612592106271,106338303
Fluorite  (*)FluoriteCaF22612597106269,106271,106276,106280,106318,106319,1063209617
Forsterite  (*)OlivineMg2(SiO4)26125911062901188
Gismondine  (*)GismondineCa2(Si4Al4)O16·8H2O2612591106285128
Goethite  (*)DiasporeFeO(OH)2612594106266,106269,106271,1062907437
Gold  (*)CopperAu2612592106294,10632930554
Grandidierite  (*)NoneMgAl3O2(BO3)(SiO4)261259110629340
Graphite  (*)NoneC2612593106289,106290,1062932812
Grossular  (*)GarnetCa3Al2(SiO4)32612592106290,1062911544
Gypsum  (*)GypsumCa(SO4)·2H2O2612594106266,106269,106271,1062766890
Halotrichite  (*)HalotrichiteFe2+Al2(SO4)4·22H2O2612592106271,106276409
Hedenbergite  (*)PyroxeneCaFe2+Si2O62612592106290,106341741
Hematite  (*)CorundumFe2O3261259110629014640
Hercynite  (*)SpinelFe2+Al2O42612591106290407
Heulandite-Ca  (*)Heulandite(Ca,Na,K)5(Si27Al9)O72·26H2O2612591106271246
Ilmenite  (*)CorundumFe2+Ti4+O32612594106290,106293,106341,1063445433
Ilsemannite  (*)NoneMo3O8·nH2O (?)2612591106315123
Iron  (*)IronFe2612592106341,1063531089
Jarosite  (*)AluniteKFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)62612592106271,1062762228
Kaolinite  (*)Clay KaoliniteAl2Si2O5(OH)42612592106271,1062765591
Kornerupine  (*)Kornerupine(Mg,Fe2+,Al,   )10(Si,Al,B)5O21(OH,F)2261259110629368
Kyanite  (*)Not in a structural groupAl2OSiO426125911063431507
Laumontite  (*)Not in a structural groupCaAl2Si4O12·4H2O2612594106266,106271,106333,1063381271
Magnesio-hornblende  (*)Amphibole   Ca2(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)22612591106290238
Magnesite  (*)CalciteMg(CO3)2612592106326,1063401487
Magnetite  (*)SpinelFe2+Fe3+2O42612593106350,106353,10635514899
Malachite  (*)MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)22612592106327,10634912537
Marcasite  (*)MarcasiteFeS226125911062945674
Marialite  (*)ScapoliteNa4Al3Si9O24Cl2612591106290139
Meionite  (*)ScapoliteCa4Al6Si6O24(CO3)2612591106290176
Melanterite  (*)MelanteriteFe(SO4)·7H2O2612591106276915
Mesolite  (*)NatroliteNa2Ca2(Si9Al6)O30·8H2O2612591106285425
Microcline  (*)FeldsparK(AlSi3O8)2612595106289,106290,106293,106328,1063504924
Molybdenite  (*)MolybdeniteMoS22612592106294,1063155800
Montmorillonite  (*)Clay Smectite-vermiculite(Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O2612592106266,1062711508
Muscovite  (*)Mica ClayKAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)22612596106271,106289,106290,106293,106328,10632917380
Nacrite  (*)Clay KaoliniteAl2Si2O5(OH)42612591106271112
Natrolite  (*)NatroliteNa2(Si3Al2)O10·2H2O26125911063381236
Nontronite  (*)Clay Smectite-vermiculiteNa0.3Fe3+2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·nH2O2612591106290471
Opal  (*)AmorphousSiO2·nH2O26125911062902994
Phillipsite-Ca  (*)HarmotomeCa3(Si10Al6)O32·12H2O261259110626675
Phillipsite-Na  (*)HarmotomeNa6(Si10Al6)O32·12H2O261259110627127
Phlogopite  (*)Mica ClayKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)226125911062902273
Pigeonite  (*)Pyroxene(Mg,Fe,Ca)2Si2O61106341303
Prehnite  (*)PrehniteCa2Al(Si3Al)O10(OH)22612594106266,106271,106333,1063381898
Pyrite  (*)PyriteFeS22612599106266,106269,106271,106273,106274,106276,106280,106290,10633339462
Pyrolusite  (*)RutileMnO22612592106360,1063613106
Pyrrhotite  (*)NickelineFe7S82612592106290,1062949056
Quartz  (*)QuartzSiO226125927106266,106269,106271,106272,106273,106274,106276,106280,106281,106287,106289,106290,106293,106294,106319,106321,106322,106327,106328,106329,106330,106333,106334,106338,106345,106350,10635561156
Rhodonite  (*)RhodoniteCaMn3Mn(Si5O15)2612591106362969
Riebeckite  (*)Amphibole   Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)22612591106350375
Romanèchite  (*)None(Ba,H2O)2(Mn4+,Mn3+)5O102612591106271312
Rozenite  (*)StarkeyiteFe2+(SO4)·4H2O2612592106269,106276293
Rutile  (*)RutileTiO226125911063445614
Saponite  (*)Clay Smectite-vermiculite(Ca,Na)0.3(Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O2612591106290301
Sarmientite  (*)NoneFe3+2(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)·5H2O26125911063158
Schreibersite  (*)None(Fe,Ni)3P2612591106353374
Scolecite  (*)NatroliteCa(Si3Al2)O10·3H2O2612592106285,106321390
Siderite  (*)CalciteFe(CO3)2612596106266,106269,106271,106273,106274,1062766417
Spinel  (*)SpinelMgAl2O42612592106290,1063521934
Spodumene  (*)PyroxeneLiAlSi2O62612592106289,106293688
Szomolnokite  (*)KieseriteFe(SO4)·H2O2612591106276139
Taenite  (*)None(Ni,Fe)2612591106353703
Talc  (*)Clay TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)226125911062903337
Titanite  (*)TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O26125911062904899
Tremolite  (*)Amphibole   Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)22612593106290,106324,1063422562
Troilite  (*)NoneFeS2612592106341,1063531044
Truscottite  (*)GyroliteCa14Si24O58(OH)8·2H2O261259110627110
Wavellite  (*)WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O2612591106272374
Wilcoxite  (*)AubertiteMgAl(SO4)2F·17H2O261259110632811
Wollastonite  (*)WollastoniteCaSiO326125911062901247
Wulfenite  (*)ScheelitePbMoO426125911063151655
Wüstite  (*)RocksaltFeO261259110635374
Zircon  (*)ZirconZr(SiO4)11752593106271,106344,1063485251
Zoisite  (*)EpidoteCa2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)26125911062901025


Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:
Age IDLocality Notes
Giersdorf_00000802The Eshowe Formation is part of the sediments of the KwaZulu-Natal area of South Africa
Jen_0000998MAGMATIC STYLE: Carbonate-rich gneiss bands, up to 200x20 m, are considered to be tectonically deformed carbonatites. ASSOCIATED SILICATE ROCKS: Syenitic gneiss, nepheline syenite gneiss and gneissose peralkaline microsyenite dykes.
Jen_0000999MAGMATIC STYLE: Carbonate-rich gneiss bands, up to 200x20 m, are considered to be tectonically deformed carbonatites. ASSOCIATED SILICATE ROCKS: Syenitic gneiss, nepheline syenite gneiss and gneissose peralkaline microsyenite dykes.
Jen_0001000MAGMATIC STYLE: Carbonate-rich gneiss bands, up to 200x20 m, are considered to be tectonically deformed carbonatites. ASSOCIATED SILICATE ROCKS: Syenitic gneiss, nepheline syenite gneiss and gneissose peralkaline microsyenite dykes.


4 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel IDMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)Age as listed in referenceDating MethodAge InterpretPrioritized?Sample SourceSample NumRun NumAge from other LocalityDated MineralMinerals explicitely stated as having this ageAge applies to these ElementsMinDat Locality IDDated Locality (Max Age)Location as listed in referenceReferenceReference DOIReference IDAge Notes
Giersdorf_00000802261259260±1 Age given in support of earlier works by Gentle el al. (1978) due to its consistency in its findings      57245Eshowe, Uthungulu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaEshoweBordy et al. (2005)10.2113/108.3.454SAJG107_397Age of the clays of the Eshowe group
Jen_0000998900900900        57405Bull's Run Estate, Umhlatuzi, Uthungulu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaBull's RunWoolley and Kjarsgaard (2008)10.4095/225115GSCOF5796 
Jen_0000999117511051140±35U-Th-Pb zircon   Zircon  57405Bull's Run Estate, Umhlatuzi, Uthungulu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaBull's RunWoolley and Kjarsgaard (2008)10.4095/225115GSCOF5796 
Jen_0001000114010601100±40K-Ar biotite     57405Bull's Run Estate, Umhlatuzi, Uthungulu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaBull's RunWoolley and Kjarsgaard (2008)10.4095/225115GSCOF5796 

SampleSource LocalityReference URL

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

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