Mineral Evolution Database

Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.

Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

Important Update News

The RRUFF Project has been migrated to RRUFF.net. Please update your bookmarks immediately, if you have not done so.

The data on this website is already three years out of date, and the entire website will be taken offline before the end of the year.

We are grateful to NASA for the funding of this effort.

The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.

Locality Name:
Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa

Oldest recorded age at locality: 2094
Youngest recorded age at locality: 1710

mindat Locality ID: 257515
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-257515.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa": 40
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 34

Number of Child Localities: 11
Child Localities:
Liliput Siding
Louis Trichardt
Mopane Station
Musina (Messina)
Mutale Mine
Pafuri Nickel Deposit
Schiel
Seta Diamond Mine
Sibasa
Soutpansberg (Zoutpansberg)
Venetia Mine

Latitude: 22°41'29"S
Longitude: 29°30'9"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -22.691388888889,29.5025

A	This mineral is Anthropogenic.
G	This mineral is directly dated.
B	This mineral is reported as having this age.
Y	This mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
O	This mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
R	The age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
P	The age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
	This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

Ajoite	Amorphous	Amphibole	Analcime	Apatite	Baryte	Beryl	Brucite	Calcite	Chalcopyrite
Chlorite	Clay	Clinozoisite	Copper	Corundum	Covellite	Descloizite	Diamond	Diaspore	Digenite
Epidote	Feldspar	Garnet	Kaolinite	Kornerupine	Malachite	Mica	Millerite	Molybdenite	Nickeline
None	Not in a structural group	Plancheite	Prehnite	Pyrite	Quartz	Rocksalt	Sapphirine	Scapolite	Serpentine
Sphalerite	Spinel	Talc	Tetradymite	Titanite	Tourmaline	Vivianite

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Al As B Ba Be Bi C Ca Cu F Fe H K Mg Mn Mo Na Ni O P Pb S Se Si Te Ti V Zn

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality:

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality:
Ajoite Amorphous Amphibole Analcime Apatite Baryte Beryl Brucite Calcite Chalcopyrite
Chlorite Clay Clinozoisite Copper Corundum Covellite Descloizite Diamond Diaspore Digenite
Epidote Feldspar Garnet Kaolinite Kornerupine Malachite Mica Millerite Molybdenite Nickeline
None Not in a structural group Plancheite Prehnite Pyrite Quartz Rocksalt Sapphirine Scapolite Serpentine
Sphalerite Spinel Talc Tetradymite Titanite Tourmaline Vivianite

70 IMA Minerals at location:

Ajoite ()*	Albite ()*	Almandine ()*	Analcime ()*	Andradite ()*
Anhydrite ()*	Annabergite ()*	Anthophyllite ()*	Azurite ()*	Baryte ()*
Beryl ()*	Bornite ()*	Brucite ()*	Calcite ()*	Chalcocite ()*
Chalcopyrite ()*	Clausthalite ()*	Clinochlore ()*	Clinozoisite ()*	Copper ()*
Cordierite ()*	Corundum ()*	Covellite ()*	Cuprite ()*	Descloizite ()*
Diamond ()*	Digenite ()*	Epidote ()*	Fluorapatite ()*	Gaspéite ()*
Glaukosphaerite ()*	Goethite ()*	Graphite ()*	Grossular ()*	Hellyerite ()*
Hematite ()*	Kaolinite ()*	Kornerupine ()*	Magnesite ()*	Magnetite ()*
Malachite ()*	Meionite ()*	Millerite ()*	Molybdenite ()*	Muscovite ()*
Népouite ()*	Opal ()*	Otwayite ()*	Papagoite ()*	Pennantite ()*
Piemontite ()*	Plancheite ()*	Polydymite ()*	Prehnite ()*	Pyrite ()*
Pyrrhotite ()*	Quartz ()*	Riebeckite ()*	Sapphirine ()*	Schorl ()*
Shattuckite ()*	Sillimanite ()*	Sphalerite ()*	Spinel ()*	Talc ()*
Tetradymite ()*	Titanite ()*	Violarite ()*	Zaratite ()*	Zoisite ()*

Mineral name	Structural Groups	IMA Formula	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	# of Sublocalities containing mineral	LOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids	# of localities containing mineral
Ajoite ()*	Ajoite	K₃Cu²⁺₂₀Al₃Si₂₉O₇₆(OH)₁₆·8H₂O			2	106497,106504	11
Albite ()*	Feldspar	Na(AlSi₃O₈)			4	106497,106498,106504,106516	8803
Almandine ()*	Garnet	Fe²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃			6	106497,106504,106515,106522,106523,106529	2353
Analcime ()*	Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆)·H₂O			3	106497,106498,106504	1627
Andradite ()*	Garnet	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃			1	106516	1534
Anhydrite ()*	Not in a structural group	Ca(SO₄)			1	106504	1588
Annabergite ()*	Vivianite	Ni₃(AsO₄)₂·8H₂O	1710	1710	2	106509,106510	445
Anthophyllite ()*	Amphibole	Mg₂Mg₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂			1	106515	718
Azurite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂			2	106497,106504	5509
Baryte ()*	Baryte	Ba(SO₄)			3	106497,106504,106520	11547
Beryl ()*	Beryl	Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈			3	106497,106503,106515	4286
Bornite ()*	None	Cu₅FeS₄			3	106497,106498,106504	5516
Brucite ()*	Brucite	Mg(OH)₂			2	106497,106504	462
Calcite ()*	Calcite	Ca(CO₃)	1710	1710	5	106497,106498,106504,106509,106510	27770
Chalcocite ()*	None	Cu₂S			3	106497,106498,106504	5707
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂			3	106497,106498,106504	27198
Clausthalite ()*	Rocksalt	PbSe			3	106497,106498,106504	281
Clinochlore ()*	Chlorite Clay	Mg₅Al(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₈			2	106497,106504	1756
Clinozoisite ()*	Clinozoisite Epidote	Ca₂Al₃[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)			3	106497,106498,106504	1025
Copper ()*	Copper	Cu			3	106497,106498,106504	3846
Cordierite ()*	Beryl	Mg₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈			2	106497,106504	1008
Corundum ()*	Corundum	Al₂O₃			6	106494,106495,106515,106518,106525,106528	1797
Covellite ()*	Covellite	CuS			2	106497,106504	4165
Cuprite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₂O			2	106497,106504	2970
Descloizite ()*	Descloizite	PbZn(VO₄)(OH)			1	106514	378
Diamond ()*	Diamond	C			2	106512,106530	697
Digenite ()*	Digenite	Cu_1.8S			2	106497,106504	1027
Epidote ()*	Epidote Clinozoisite	Ca₂(Al₂Fe³⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)			3	106497,106498,106504	8173
Fluorapatite ()*	Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F			6	106497,106498,106517,106518,106520,106525	2740
Gaspéite ()*	Calcite	Ni(CO₃)	1710	1710	2	106509,106510	22
Glaukosphaerite ()*	Malachite	CuNi(CO₃)(OH)₂	1710	1710	2	106509,106510	25
Goethite ()*	Diaspore	FeO(OH)			2	106497,106504	7437
Graphite ()*	None	C			2	106501,106508	2812
Grossular ()*	Garnet	Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃			2	106512,106515	1544
Hellyerite ()*	None	Ni(CO₃)·6H₂O	1710	1710	2	106509,106510	3
Hematite ()*	Corundum	Fe₂O₃			4	106497,106500,106502,106504	14640
Kaolinite ()*	Clay Kaolinite	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄			2	106497,106504	5591
Kornerupine ()*	Kornerupine	(Mg,Fe²⁺,Al, )₁₀(Si,Al,B)₅O₂₁(OH,F)₂			1	106519	68
Magnesite ()*	Calcite	Mg(CO₃)			2	106492,106505	1487
Magnetite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄			2	106497,106504	14899
Malachite ()*	Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂			2	106497,106504	12537
Meionite ()*	Scapolite	Ca₄Al₆Si₆O₂₄(CO₃)			1	106521	176
Millerite ()*	Millerite	NiS	1710	1710	2	106509,106510	1066
Molybdenite ()*	Molybdenite	MoS₂			2	106497,106504	5800
Muscovite ()*	Mica Clay	KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂			2	106497,106504	17380
Népouite ()*	Serpentine Clay	Ni₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄	1710	1710	1	106509	66
Opal ()*	Amorphous	SiO₂·nH₂O			1	106527	2994
Otwayite ()*	None	Ni₂(CO₃)(OH)₂·H₂O	1710	1710	2	106509,106510	5
Papagoite ()*	None	CaCuAlSi₂O₆(OH)₃			2	106497,106504	4
Pennantite ()*	Chlorite Clay	Mn²⁺₅Al(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₈			2	106497,106504	25
Piemontite ()*	Epidote	Ca₂(Al₂Mn³⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)			2	106497,106504	260
Plancheite ()*	Plancheite	Cu₈(Si₄O₁₁)₂(OH)₄·H₂O			1	106504	74
Polydymite ()*	Spinel	Ni²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄	1710	1710	1	106509	131
Prehnite ()*	Prehnite	Ca₂Al(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂			2	106497,106504	1898
Pyrite ()*	Pyrite	FeS₂			3	106497,106498,106504	39462
Pyrrhotite ()*	Nickeline	Fe₇S₈			2	106497,106504	9056
Quartz ()*	Quartz	SiO₂			8	106497,106498,106504,106515,106516,106518,106524,106526	61156
Riebeckite ()*	Amphibole	Na₂(Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂			1	106504	375
Sapphirine ()*	Sapphirine	Mg₄(Mg₃Al₉)O₄[Si₃Al₉O₃₆]			2	106499,106506	129
Schorl ()*	Tourmaline	NaFe²⁺₃Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)			1	106515	2705
Shattuckite ()*	None	Cu₅(SiO₃)₄(OH)₂			2	106497,106504	71
Sillimanite ()*	Not in a structural group	Al₂SiO₅			3	106496,106515,106528	1516
Sphalerite ()*	Sphalerite	ZnS	1710	1710	5	106497,106498,106504,106509,106510	21482
Spinel ()*	Spinel	MgAl₂O₄			2	106528,106530	1934
Talc ()*	Clay Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂			2	106504,106515	3337
Tetradymite ()*	Tetradymite	Bi₂Te₂S	1710	1710	2	106509,106510	510
Titanite ()*	Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O			1	106525	4899
Violarite ()*	Spinel	FeNi₂S₄	1710	1710	2	106509,106510	380
Zaratite ()*	Amorphous	Ni₃(CO₃)(OH)₄·4H₂O	1710	1710	2	106509,106510	56
Zoisite ()*	Epidote	Ca₂Al₃[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)			3	106497,106498,106504	1025

Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:

Age ID	Locality Notes
Jen_0000536	carbonatite complex
Michelle_493	Within the Sibasa District, Galena from vein in gneisses 2 miles E. of Khononga hill, south bank Limpopo River.

2 Ages assigned to this locality:

	Excel ID	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	Age as listed in reference	Dating Method	Age Interpret	Prioritized?	Sample Source	Sample Num	Run Num	Age from other Locality	Dated Mineral	Minerals explicitely stated as having this age	Age applies to these Elements	MinDat Locality ID	Dated Locality (Max Age)	Location as listed in reference	Reference	Reference DOI	Reference ID	Age Notes
	Michelle_493	1710	1710	1710	Pb-Pb	Age of galena mineralization		galena				Galena			54251	Pafuri Nickel Deposit, Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa	Pafuri Nickel Prospect	Breeman et al. (1966)	10.1016/0012-821X(66)90036-7	EPSL1_401	Age is interpreted to be of the galena mineralization within the vein. Age is calculated using the Holmes-Houtermans model with Parameters of Moorbath (1710 ma), and Parameters of Russell and Farquhar (1660 ma).
	Jen_0000536	2094	2024	2059±35	U-Pb			apatite							56243	Schiel, Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa	Schiel	Ernst and Bell (2010)	10.1007/s00710-009-0074-1	MP98_55

Sample	Source Locality	Reference URL

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...