Mineral Evolution Database

Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.

Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.

Locality Name:
St. Louis Co., Minnesota, USA

Oldest recorded age at locality: 1214.42
Youngest recorded age at locality: 1098.3

mindat Locality ID: 23455
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-23455.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "St. Louis Co., Minnesota, USA": 441
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 425

Number of Child Localities: 21
Child Localities:
Aad Mine (Eveleth Fee Office)
Arrowhead Blacktop Company
Birch Point Prospect
Duluth
Ely Prospect
Ely-Hoyt Lakes Area
Gold Island Prospect
Green Quarry (Cold Spring Granite Co)
Hibbing
Hibbing Green Quarry
Hibtac Pit & Mill
Knife River
Lake Vermillion
Mesabi Range
Minorca Site Pit
North American Mine
Rainy Lake
Vermilion Range
Vermilion River Mines
Western Margin Duluth Complex
Zenith Dredge Company Quarry (Arrowhead Blacktop Company)

Latitude: 47°36'34"N
Longitude: 92°22'44"W
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): 47.609444444444,-92.378888888889

A	This mineral is Anthropogenic.
G	This mineral is directly dated.
B	This mineral is reported as having this age.
Y	This mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
O	This mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
R	The age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
P	The age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
	This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

Allophane	Amphibole	Analcime	Arsenic	Atacamite	Axinite	Baddeleyite	Beryl	Calcite	Chalcopyrite
Chlorite	Clay	Clinozoisite	Cobaltite	Copper	Coronadite	Corundum	Covellite	Cubanite	Diaspore
Digenite	Epidote	Feldspar	Fluorite	Garnet	Kaolinite	Löllingite	Malachite	Marcasite	Mica
Millerite	Natrolite	Nickeline	None	Not in a structural group	Olivine	Pentlandite	Prehnite	Pyrite	Pyroxene
Quartz	Ramsdellite	Rocksalt	Rutile	Sepiolite	Serpentine	Sphalerite	Spinel	Stilpnomelane	Talc
Tetradymite	Valleriite	Wurtzite	Zircon

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Ag Al As Au B Bi C Ca Cl Co Cr Cu F Fe H K Mg Mn Na Ni O Pb Pd Pt S Sb Si Sn Te Ti U Zn Zr

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality:

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality:
Allophane Amphibole Analcime Arsenic Atacamite Axinite Baddeleyite Beryl Calcite Chalcopyrite
Chlorite Clay Clinozoisite Cobaltite Copper Coronadite Corundum Covellite Cubanite Diaspore
Digenite Epidote Feldspar Fluorite Garnet Kaolinite Löllingite Malachite Marcasite Mica
Millerite Natrolite Nickeline None Not in a structural group Olivine Pentlandite Prehnite Pyrite Pyroxene
Quartz Ramsdellite Rocksalt Rutile Sepiolite Serpentine Sphalerite Spinel Stilpnomelane Talc
Tetradymite Valleriite Wurtzite Zircon

94 IMA Minerals at location:

Actinolite ()*	Akaganeite ()*	Albite ()*	Altaite ()*	Analcime ()*
Andradite ()*	Ankerite ()*	Anorthite ()*	Augite ()*	Axinite-(Mn) ()*
Azurite ()*	Baddeleyite ()*	Bismuth ()*	Bornite ()*	Cabriite ()*
Calcite ()*	Chalcocite ()*	Chalcopyrite ()*	Chamosite ()*	Chromite ()*
Chrysocolla ()*	Chrysotile ()*	Cobaltite ()*	Copper ()*	Cordierite ()*
Covellite ()*	Cubanite ()*	Cummingtonite ()*	Digenite ()*	Diopside ()*
Dolomite ()*	Epidote ()*	Fayalite ()*	Ferro-actinolite ()*	Fluorite ()*
Forsterite ()*	Froodite ()*	Galena ()*	Godlevskite ()*	Goethite ()*
Gold ()*	Graphite ()*	Greenalite ()*	Grunerite ()*	Haycockite ()*
Heazlewoodite ()*	Hedenbergite ()*	Hematite ()*	Hibbingite ()*	Hisingerite ()*
Ilmenite ()*	Kinoite ()*	Laumontite ()*	Löllingite ()*	Mackinawite ()*
Magnetite ()*	Malachite ()*	Marcasite ()*	Maucherite ()*	Millerite ()*
Minnesotaite ()*	Mooihoekite ()*	Muscovite ()*	Natrolite ()*	Nickeline ()*
Gersdorffite-Pa3 ()*	Pentlandite ()*	Prehnite ()*	Pyrite ()*	Pyrrhotite ()*
Quartz ()*	Rammelsbergite ()*	Ramsdellite ()*	Rhodochrosite ()*	Riebeckite ()*
Rutile ()*	Safflorite ()*	Sepiolite ()*	Siderite ()*	Silver ()*
Sperrylite ()*	Sphalerite ()*	Spinel ()*	Stibiopalladinite ()*	Stilpnomelane ()*
Talnakhite ()*	Tetradymite ()*	Troilite ()*	Uraninite ()*	Uranophane-α ()*
Valleriite ()*	Violarite ()*	Yarrowite ()*	Zircon ()*

Mineral name	Structural Groups	IMA Formula	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	# of Sublocalities containing mineral	LOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids	# of localities containing mineral
Actinolite ()*	Amphibole	Ca₂(Mg_4.5-2.5Fe²⁺_0.5-2.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂	1100	1100	4	223657,223690,224046,224073	3419
Akaganeite ()*	Coronadite	(Fe³⁺,Ni²⁺)₈(OH,O)₁₆Cl_1.25·nH₂O	1099.7	1098.3	1	223663	63
Albite ()*	Feldspar	Na(AlSi₃O₈)			1	224046	8803
Altaite ()*	Rocksalt	PbTe			1	223654	489
Analcime ()*	Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆)·H₂O			1	223666	1627
Andradite ()*	Garnet	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃			1	223690	1534
Ankerite ()*	None	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂			14	223660,223789,223803,223876,223890,223894,223934,223942,223948,223963,224000,224036,224042,224057	3092
Anorthite ()*	Feldspar	Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈)			1	223651	1036
Augite ()*	Pyroxene	(Ca,Mg,Fe)₂Si₂O₆	1100	1100	3	223655,223657,224082	2060
Axinite-(Mn) ()*	Axinite	Ca₄Mn²⁺₂Al₄[B₂Si₈O₃₀](OH)₂			1	223690	88
Azurite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂			1	224061	5509
Baddeleyite ()*	Baddeleyite	ZrO₂			1	223657	238
Bismuth ()*	Arsenic	Bi	1100	1100	1	224081	1966
Bornite ()*	None	Cu₅FeS₄	1100	1100	6	223654,223655,223657,224074,224082,224083	5516
Cabriite ()*	None	Pd₂CuSn			1	223657	12
Calcite ()*	Calcite	Ca(CO₃)			18	223649,223650,223657,223666,223690,223789,223803,223849,223876,223890,223894,223934,223942,223948,223963,224000,224036,224042	27770
Chalcocite ()*	None	Cu₂S			2	223654,223657	5707
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	1100	1100	11	223654,223655,223657,223660,223691,224061,224063,224074,224081,224082,224083	27198
Chamosite ()*	Chlorite Clay	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Al,Fe³⁺)₆(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH,O)₈			1	223650	577
Chromite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Cr₂O₄			1	223654	3902
Chrysocolla ()*	Allophane	(Cu_2-xAl_x)H_2-xSi₂O₅(OH)₄·nH₂O			1	223666	3531
Chrysotile ()*	Serpentine Clay	Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄			1	223657	951
Cobaltite ()*	Cobaltite	CoAsS	1100	1100	2	223655,224082	966
Copper ()*	Copper	Cu			3	223654,223666,224061	3846
Cordierite ()*	Beryl	Mg₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈	1100	1100	1	224081	1008
Covellite ()*	Covellite	CuS	1100	1100	2	223657,224082	4165
Cubanite ()*	Cubanite Wurtzite	CuFe₂S₃	1100	1100	6	223654,223655,223657,223691,224082,224083	802
Cummingtonite ()*	Amphibole	Mg₂Mg₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂			1	223690	327
Digenite ()*	Digenite	Cu_1.8S	1100	1100	2	223654,224082	1027
Diopside ()*	Pyroxene	CaMgSi₂O₆			1	223690	4135
Dolomite ()*	None	CaMg(CO₃)₂			2	224061,224065	9895
Epidote ()*	Epidote Clinozoisite	Ca₂(Al₂Fe³⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)			3	223650,223657,223849	8173
Fayalite ()*	Olivine	Fe²⁺₂(SiO₄)			1	223690	371
Ferro-actinolite ()*	Amphibole	Ca₂(Mg_2.5-0.0Fe²⁺_2.5-5.0)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂			1	223690	129
Fluorite ()*	Fluorite	CaF₂			2	223649,223666	9617
Forsterite ()*	Olivine	Mg₂(SiO₄)	1100	1100	1	224073	1188
Froodite ()*	None	PdBi₂			2	223655,223657	62
Galena ()*	Rocksalt	PbS	1100	1100	4	223654,223655,224067,224081	24243
Godlevskite ()*	Pentlandite	(Ni,Fe)₉S₈			1	223657	40
Goethite ()*	Diaspore	FeO(OH)	1099.7	1098.3	6	223663,223696,223753,223756,223800,224025	7437
Gold ()*	Copper	Au			9	223652,223654,223660,224046,224048,224049,224057,224063,224065	30554
Graphite ()*	None	C	1100	1100	5	223657,223690,224065,224081,224082	2812
Greenalite ()*	Clay Serpentine	(Fe²⁺,Fe³⁺)_2-3Si₂O₅(OH)₄			2	223657,223695	61
Grunerite ()*	Amphibole	Fe²⁺₂Fe²⁺₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂			2	223690,223849	223
Haycockite ()*	Chalcopyrite	Cu₄Fe₅S₈			1	223654	12
Heazlewoodite ()*	None	Ni₃S₂			2	223654,223657	205
Hedenbergite ()*	Pyroxene	CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆			1	223690	741
Hematite ()*	Corundum	Fe₂O₃			301	223671,223672,223673,223674,223675,223676,223677,223678,223679,223680,223681,223682,223683,223684,223685,223686,223687,223688,223690,223692,223693,223694,223696,223698,223699,223700,223701,223702,223703,223704,223705,223706,223707,223708,223709,223710,223711,223713,223715,223716,223717,223718,223719,223720,223721,223723,223724,223726,223727,223728,223729,223730,223731,223732,223733,223734,223735,223736,223737,223738,223739,223740,223742,223743,223745,223747,223748,223749,223750,223752,223753,223754,223755,223756,223765,223766,223767,223768,223769,223770,223771,223772,223773,223774,223775,223776,223777,223779,223780,223781,223782,223783,223784,223785,223786,223788,223790,223792,223793,223794,223795,223796,223797,223798,223801,223802,223804,223805,223806,223807,223808,223809,223810,223812,223813,223814,223815,223816,223817,223818,223819,223820,223821,223822,223823,223824,223825,223826,223827,223828,223829,223831,223832,223833,223837,223838,223839,223841,223842,223843,223844,223845,223846,223847,223848,223851,223852,223863,223865,223868,223870,223871,223872,223873,223874,223875,223878,223879,223880,223882,223883,223886,223887,223888,223889,223890,223895,223897,223898,223899,223900,223901,223902,223903,223904,223905,223906,223907,223908,223909,223910,223912,223913,223915,223916,223917,223918,223919,223920,223921,223922,223923,223924,223925,223926,223927,223928,223929,223930,223931,223932,223933,223935,223936,223937,223939,223940,223941,223944,223945,223949,223950,223951,223952,223953,223954,223956,223957,223958,223959,223960,223961,223962,223964,223965,223966,223967,223969,223970,223971,223972,223973,223975,223977,223978,223979,223980,223981,223982,223983,223984,223985,223986,223987,223991,223992,223993,223994,223995,223996,223998,223999,224002,224003,224004,224006,224007,224008,224009,224010,224011,224012,224013,224014,224015,224017,224018,224019,224020,224021,224022,224023,224024,224025,224026,224027,224029,224030,224031,224032,224033,224034,224035,224037,224038,224039,224040,224043,224044,224048,224049,224051,224052,224053,224054,224055,224056,224058,224059,224061,224062	14640
Hibbingite ()*	Atacamite	Fe²⁺₂(OH)₃Cl	1099.7	1098.3	1	223663	13
Hisingerite ()*	Kaolinite Clay	Fe₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄·2H₂O			1	223670	144
Ilmenite ()*	Corundum	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺O₃	1100	1100	13	223654,223657,223691,224069,224070,224071,224072,224073,224075,224076,224077,224078,224080	5433
Kinoite ()*	None	Ca₂Cu₂Si₃O₁₀·2H₂O			1	223666	17
Laumontite ()*	Not in a structural group	CaAl₂Si₄O₁₂·4H₂O			1	223666	1271
Löllingite ()*	Löllingite	FeAs₂	1100	1100	1	224082	762
Mackinawite ()*	None	(Fe,Ni)_1+xS (x = 0-0.07)			3	223654,223655,223657	451
Magnetite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	1100	1098.3	325	223654,223657,223663,223671,223672,223673,223674,223675,223676,223677,223678,223679,223680,223681,223682,223683,223684,223685,223686,223687,223688,223690,223691,223692,223693,223694,223696,223698,223699,223700,223701,223702,223703,223704,223705,223706,223707,223708,223709,223710,223711,223713,223715,223716,223717,223718,223719,223720,223721,223723,223724,223726,223727,223728,223729,223730,223731,223732,223733,223734,223735,223736,223737,223738,223739,223740,223741,223742,223743,223745,223747,223748,223749,223750,223752,223753,223754,223755,223756,223765,223766,223767,223768,223769,223770,223771,223772,223773,223774,223775,223776,223777,223779,223780,223781,223782,223783,223784,223785,223786,223788,223789,223790,223792,223793,223794,223795,223796,223797,223798,223801,223802,223803,223804,223805,223806,223807,223808,223809,223810,223812,223813,223814,223815,223816,223817,223818,223819,223820,223821,223822,223823,223824,223825,223826,223827,223828,223829,223831,223832,223833,223837,223838,223839,223841,223842,223843,223844,223845,223846,223847,223848,223849,223851,223852,223863,223865,223868,223870,223871,223872,223873,223874,223875,223876,223878,223879,223880,223882,223883,223886,223887,223888,223889,223890,223894,223895,223897,223898,223899,223900,223901,223902,223903,223904,223905,223906,223907,223908,223909,223910,223912,223913,223915,223916,223917,223918,223919,223920,223921,223922,223923,223924,223925,223926,223927,223928,223929,223930,223931,223932,223933,223934,223935,223936,223937,223939,223940,223941,223942,223944,223945,223948,223949,223950,223951,223952,223953,223954,223956,223957,223958,223959,223960,223961,223962,223963,223964,223965,223966,223967,223969,223970,223971,223972,223973,223975,223977,223978,223979,223980,223981,223982,223983,223984,223985,223986,223987,223991,223992,223993,223994,223995,223996,223998,224000,224002,224003,224004,224006,224007,224008,224009,224010,224011,224012,224013,224014,224015,224017,224018,224019,224020,224021,224022,224023,224024,224025,224026,224027,224029,224030,224031,224032,224033,224034,224035,224036,224037,224038,224039,224040,224042,224043,224044,224051,224052,224053,224054,224055,224056,224058,224059,224061,224062,224069,224070,224071,224072,224073,224075,224076,224077,224078,224080	14899
Malachite ()*	Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂			2	223666,224061	12537
Marcasite ()*	Marcasite	FeS₂	1100	1100	1	224081	5674
Maucherite ()*	None	Ni₁₁As₈	1100	1100	3	223655,223657,224082	161
Millerite ()*	Millerite	NiS			2	223654,223655	1066
Minnesotaite ()*	Clay Talc	Fe²⁺₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂			16	223670,223688,223741,223789,223803,223849,223876,223894,223934,223942,223948,223963,223999,224000,224036,224042	61
Mooihoekite ()*	Chalcopyrite	Cu₉Fe₉S₁₆			1	223654	20
Muscovite ()*	Mica Clay	KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂	1100	1100	4	224048,224049,224066,224082	17380
Natrolite ()*	Natrolite	Na₂(Si₃Al₂)O₁₀·2H₂O			1	223666	1236
Nickeline ()*	Nickeline	NiAs	1100	1100	4	223655,223657,224081,224082	633
Gersdorffite-Pa3 ()*	Pyrite	NiAsS	1100	1100	2	223655,224082	767
Pentlandite ()*	Pentlandite	(Ni,Fe)₉S₈	1100	1100	7	223654,223655,223657,223691,224081,224082,224083	1512
Prehnite ()*	Prehnite	Ca₂Al(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂	1100	1100	3	223657,223666,224082	1898
Pyrite ()*	Pyrite	FeS₂	1100	1100	11	223655,223660,223690,224046,224048,224049,224057,224061,224063,224064,224081	39462
Pyrrhotite ()*	Nickeline	Fe₇S₈	1100	1100	10	223654,223655,223657,223690,223691,224063,224074,224081,224082,224083	9056
Quartz ()*	Quartz	SiO₂			16	223648,223650,223652,223660,223666,223690,223695,223872,223999,224046,224048,224049,224061,224063,224066,224067	61156
Rammelsbergite ()*	Löllingite	NiAs₂	1100	1100	1	224082	233
Ramsdellite ()*	Ramsdellite	MnO₂			1	223898	88
Rhodochrosite ()*	Calcite	Mn(CO₃)			2	223825,223879	1711
Riebeckite ()*	Amphibole	Na₂(Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂			1	223690	375
Rutile ()*	Rutile	TiO₂			1	223660	5614
Safflorite ()*	Löllingite	CoAs₂	1100	1100	1	224082	317
Sepiolite ()*	Sepiolite Clay	Mg₄Si₆O₁₅(OH)₂·6H₂O			1	223690	241
Siderite ()*	Calcite	Fe(CO₃)			12	223789,223803,223876,223890,223894,223934,223942,223948,223963,224000,224036,224042	6417
Silver ()*	Copper	Ag	1100	1100	3	223654,223657,224081	5186
Sperrylite ()*	Pyrite	PtAs₂	1100	1100	2	223657,224082	337
Sphalerite ()*	Sphalerite	ZnS	1100	1100	5	223654,223655,223657,224066,224081	21482
Spinel ()*	Spinel	MgAl₂O₄			2	223654,223657	1934
Stibiopalladinite ()*	None	Pd₅Sb₂	1100	1100	1	224082	75
Stilpnomelane ()*	Stilpnomelane Clay	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆·nH₂O			2	223890,223999	456
Talnakhite ()*	Chalcopyrite	Cu₉Fe₈S₁₆			3	223654,223655,223657	35
Tetradymite ()*	Tetradymite	Bi₂Te₂S	1100	1100	1	224081	510
Troilite ()*	None	FeS			2	223654,223657	1044
Uraninite ()*	Fluorite	UO₂	1100	1100	1	224068	2718
Uranophane-α ()*	None	Ca(UO₂)₂(SiO₃OH)₂·5H₂O	1100	1100	1	224068	890
Valleriite ()*	Valleriite	2[(Fe,Cu)S]·1.53[(Mg,Al)(OH)₂]			1	223655	237
Violarite ()*	Spinel	FeNi₂S₄			1	223655	380
Yarrowite ()*	None	Cu₉S₈	1100	1100	1	224082	70
Zircon ()*	Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)			1	223657	5251

Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:

Age ID	Locality Notes
Michelle_701	Ni-Cu sulfides in intrusions related to flood basalts

3 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel ID	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	Age as listed in reference	Dating Method	Age Interpret	Sample Source	Age applies to these Elements	MinDat Locality ID	Dated Locality (Max Age)	Location as listed in reference	Reference	Reference DOI	Reference ID	Age Notes
USGS-Rb-Sr-01343	1214.42	1104.42	1159.42±55	Rb-Sr	age of intrusion	biotite		167437	Serpentine Deposit, Ely-Hoyt Lakes Area, St. Louis Co., Minnesota, USA		USGS-Rb-Sr		USGS-Rb-Sr
Michelle_701	1099.7	1098.3	1099±0.7		Age of deposit or general age of the metallogenic province		Ni, Cu	30391	Duluth Complex, Hibbing, St. Louis Co., Minnesota, USA	Duluth	Hoatson et al. (2006)	10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.05.002	OGR29_177	See Table. 1 Global resources of nickel metal and ages of the major nickel sulfide deposits of the world. Age can refer to the age of a specific nickel sulfide deposit, or the general age of the metallogenic province containing nickel deposits that are similar to a dated deposit (e.g. 2705 Ma Komatiite-hosted deposits in the Eastern Goldfields Province).
EG105_1057_010	1100	1100	1100				Ni, Cu, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os, Ru	167667	Western Margin Duluth Complex, St. Louis Co., Minnesota, USA	Duluth	Begg et al. (2010)	10.2113/econgeo.105.6.1057	EG105_1057

Sample	Source Locality	Reference URL

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...