Mineral Evolution Database
Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.
Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org



The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.


Locality Name:
Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USA

Oldest recorded age at locality: 143
Youngest recorded age at locality: 92.8

mindat Locality ID: 169041
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-169041.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USA": 10
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 8

Number of Child Localities: 6
Child Localities:
Cota Mine
Green Ledge Mine (Green Ledge Dike)
Himalaya Mine (Himalaya Dikes; Himalaya Pegmatite)
Mesa Grande Mine
Payne Mine
San Diego Mine (K. C. Naylor Mine)

Latitude: 33°12'33"N
Longitude: 116°48'14"W
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): 33.209166666667,-116.80388888889
AThis mineral is Anthropogenic.
GThis mineral is directly dated.
BThis mineral is reported as having this age.
YThis mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
OThis mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
RThe age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
PThe age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Al B Ba Be Bi C Ca Ce Cs F Fe H K Li Mg Mn Na Nb O P Sb Si Sn Sr Ta Ti Y Zn Zr 

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: 

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality: 
AeschyniteAllaniteAnalcimeApatiteBerylBismutiteCalciteChloriteClayColumbite
CorrensiteEpidoteFeldsparGadoliniteGarnetKaoliniteMicaNoneNot in a structural groupPyroxene
QuartzRutileSmectite-vermiculiteSpinelTalcTopazTourmalineZircon

42 IMA Minerals at location:
Albite  (*)Allanite-(Ce)  (*)Almandine  (*)Amblygonite  (*)Bavenite  (*)
Beryl  (*)Beyerite  (*)Calcite  (*)Cassiterite  (*)Columbite-(Mn)  (*)
Cookeite  (*)Dravite  (*)Elbaite  (*)Fersmite  (*)Fluor-elbaite  (*)
Fluorapatite  (*)Gahnite  (*)Grossular  (*)Hambergite  (*)Herderite  (*)
Kaolinite  (*)Laumontite  (*)Microcline  (*)Montebrasite  (*)Montmorillonite  (*)
Muscovite  (*)Oxy-schorl  (*)Pollucite  (*)Quartz  (*)Rynersonite  (*)
Schorl  (*)Spessartine  (*)Spodumene  (*)Stibiocolumbite  (*)Stibiotantalite  (*)
Stokesite  (*)Talc  (*)Todorokite  (*)Topaz  (*)Tosudite  (*)
Xenotime-(Y)  (*)Zircon  (*)
Mineral nameStructural GroupsIMA FormulaMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)# of Sublocalities containing mineralLOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids# of localities containing mineral
Albite  (*)FeldsparNa(AlSi3O8)14392.85174805,174807,174811,174812,1748138803
Allanite-(Ce)  (*)Allanite EpidoteCaCe(Al2Fe2+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)14392.81174807706
Almandine  (*)GarnetFe2+3Al2(SiO4)314392.811748072353
Amblygonite  (*)NoneLiAl(PO4)F14392.81174807244
Bavenite  (*)NoneCa4Be2+xAl2-xSi9O26-x(OH)2+x (x = 0 to 1)14392.81174807255
Beryl  (*)BerylBe3Al2Si6O1814392.85174805,174806,174807,174811,1748134286
Beyerite  (*)BismutiteCaBi2O2(CO3)214392.8117480796
Calcite  (*)CalciteCa(CO3)14392.8117480727770
Cassiterite  (*)RutileSnO214392.811748075171
Columbite-(Mn)  (*)ColumbiteMn2+Nb2O614392.81174807289
Cookeite  (*)Chlorite Clay(Al,Li)3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)814392.81174807181
Dravite  (*)TourmalineNaMg3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)14392.81174807648
Elbaite  (*)TourmalineNa(Al1.5Li1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)102.493.18174805,174806,174807,174808,174811,174812,174813,174814520
Fersmite  (*)ColumbiteCaNb2O614392.82174807,17481383
Fluor-elbaite  (*)TourmalineNa(Li1.5Al1.5)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F14392.8117480731
Fluorapatite  (*)ApatiteCa5(PO4)3F14392.811748072740
Gahnite  (*)SpinelZnAl2O414392.81174807445
Grossular  (*)GarnetCa3Al2(SiO4)314392.811748071544
Hambergite  (*)NoneBe2(BO3)(OH)14392.8117480781
Herderite  (*)GadoliniteCaBe(PO4)F14392.8117480720
Kaolinite  (*)Clay KaoliniteAl2Si2O5(OH)414392.811748075591
Laumontite  (*)Not in a structural groupCaAl2Si4O12·4H2O14392.811748071271
Microcline  (*)FeldsparK(AlSi3O8)14392.83174807,174811,1748134924
Montebrasite  (*)NoneLiAl(PO4)(OH)102.493.11174813200
Montmorillonite  (*)Clay Smectite-vermiculite(Na,Ca)0.3(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2·nH2O14392.811748071508
Muscovite  (*)Mica ClayKAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)296945174805,174807,174808,174811,17481217380
Oxy-schorl  (*)TourmalineNa(Fe2+2Al)Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3O14392.811748079
Pollucite  (*)AnalcimeCs(Si2Al)O6·nH2O14392.81174807140
Quartz  (*)QuartzSiO2102.493.17174805,174806,174807,174808,174811,174812,17481461156
Rynersonite  (*)AeschyniteCaTa2O614392.82174807,17481314
Schorl  (*)TourmalineNaFe2+3Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)102.493.17174805,174806,174807,174808,174811,174812,1748142705
Spessartine  (*)GarnetMn2+3Al2(SiO4)314392.83174807,174811,1748131214
Spodumene  (*)PyroxeneLiAlSi2O614392.82174807,174813688
Stibiocolumbite  (*)NoneSbNbO414392.8117480713
Stibiotantalite  (*)NoneSb3+TaO414392.83174807,174813,17481453
Stokesite  (*)NoneCaSnSi3O9·2H2O14392.8117480721
Talc  (*)Clay TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)214392.811748073337
Todorokite  (*)None(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12·3-4H2O14392.81174807433
Topaz  (*)TopazAl2SiO4F214392.811748071476
Tosudite  (*)Corrensite ClayNa0.5(Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)8O18(OH)12·5H2O14392.8117480736
Xenotime-(Y)  (*)ZirconY(PO4)14392.81174807939
Zircon  (*)ZirconZr(SiO4)14392.811748075251


Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:
Age IDLocality Notes
Giersdorf_00000329Himalaya mine and nearby localities are found within the Peninsular Ranges Batholith


7 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel IDMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)Age as listed in referenceDating MethodAge InterpretPrioritized?Sample SourceSample NumRun NumAge from other LocalityDated MineralMinerals explicitely stated as having this ageAge applies to these ElementsMinDat Locality IDDated Locality (Max Age)Location as listed in referenceReferenceReference DOIReference IDAge Notes
Bradley_2012_108969495±1Ar/Ar muscovite   Muscovite  3559Himalaya Mine (Himalaya Dikes; Himalaya Pegmatite), Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USAHimalaya MineMcCauley and Bradley (2014)10.3749/canmin.52.2.183CM52_183 
Giersdorf_0000032695.795.195.4±0.3Ar-Ar     Muscovite 3559Himalaya Mine (Himalaya Dikes; Himalaya Pegmatite), Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USAHimalaya MineFisher et al. (1999)10.1080/00357529809603033RM73_156 
Giersdorf_0000032793.793.193.4±0.3Ar-ArThe lepidolite crystallized at a different age than the muscovite      3559Himalaya Mine (Himalaya Dikes; Himalaya Pegmatite), Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USAHimalaya MineFisher et al. (1999)10.1080/00357529809603034RM73_156 
Giersdorf_0000032893.492.893.1±0.3Ar-ArThe lepidolite crystallized at a different age than the muscovite      3559Himalaya Mine (Himalaya Dikes; Himalaya Pegmatite), Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USAHimalaya MineFisher et al. (1999)10.1080/00357529809603035RM73_156 
Giersdorf_00000329143101143-101K-Ar       3559Himalaya Mine (Himalaya Dikes; Himalaya Pegmatite), Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USAPeninsular Ranges BatholithFisher et al. (1999)10.1080/00357529809603036RM73_156Age of the batholith
Giersdorf_00000330102.494.498.4±4K-Ar       6785San Diego Mine (K. C. Naylor Mine), Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USASan Diego MineFisher et al. (1999)10.1080/00357529809603037RM73_156 
Giersdorf_00000331101.193.197.1±4K-Ar     Muscovite 6785San Diego Mine (K. C. Naylor Mine), Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USASan Diego MineFisher et al. (1999)10.1080/00357529809603038RM73_156 

SampleSource LocalityReference URL
R050232Himalaya Mine (Himalaya Dikes; Himalaya Pegmatite), Gem Hill, Mesa Grande District, San Diego Co., California, USAhttps://rruff.info/R050232

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

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