Mineral Evolution Database

Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.

Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.

Locality Name:
Bethel Census Area, Alaska, USA

Oldest recorded age at locality: 72
Youngest recorded age at locality: 72

mindat Locality ID: 18749
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-18749.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Bethel Census Area, Alaska, USA": 258
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 245

Number of Child Localities: 10
Child Localities:
Aniak District
Bethel District
Bristol Bay Region District
Fortymile District
Goodnews Bay
Iditarod District
Kuskokwim Region
McGrath District
Redoubt District
Yentna District

Latitude: 60°36'43"N
Longitude: 157°59'34"W
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): 60.611944444444,-157.99277777778

A	This mineral is Anthropogenic.
G	This mineral is directly dated.
B	This mineral is reported as having this age.
Y	This mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
O	This mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
R	The age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
P	The age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
	This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

Acanthite	Allophane	Aramayoite	Arsenic	Arsenopyrite	Auricupride	Baryte	Bismutite	Bowieite	Calcite
Chalcopyrite	Clay	Clinozoisite	Cobaltite	Copper	Corundum	Covellite	Diamond	Diaspore	Epidote
Feldspar	Fluorite	Garnet	Geocronite	Kaolinite	Malachite	Marcasite	Melonite	Meneghinite	Mica
Modderite	Molybdenite	Nickeline	None	Not in a structural group	Orpiment	Perovskite	Potarite	Pyrite	Pyrochlore
Pyroxene	Quartz	Rocksalt	Rutile	Scheelite	Sphalerite	Spinel	Stibnite	Stillwaterite	Tetradymite
Tetrahedrite	Ullmannite	Wollastonite	Zircon

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Ag Al As Au Ba Bi C Ca Co Cr Cu F Fe H Hg Ir K Mg Mo Na Ni O Os P Pb Pd Pt Rh Ru S Sb Si Sn Te Ti U W Y Zn Zr

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality:

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality:
Acanthite Allophane Aramayoite Arsenic Arsenopyrite Auricupride Baryte Bismutite Bowieite Calcite
Chalcopyrite Clay Clinozoisite Cobaltite Copper Corundum Covellite Diamond Diaspore Epidote
Feldspar Fluorite Garnet Geocronite Kaolinite Malachite Marcasite Melonite Meneghinite Mica
Modderite Molybdenite Nickeline None Not in a structural group Orpiment Perovskite Potarite Pyrite Pyrochlore
Pyroxene Quartz Rocksalt Rutile Scheelite Sphalerite Spinel Stibnite Stillwaterite Tetradymite
Tetrahedrite Ullmannite Wollastonite Zircon

113 IMA Minerals at location:

Acanthite ()*	Albite ()*	Ankerite ()*	Aramayoite ()*	Arsenic ()*
Arsenopyrite ()*	Augite ()*	Azurite ()*	Baryte ()*	Bindheimite ()*
Bismuth ()*	Bismuthinite ()*	Bismutite ()*	Bornite ()*	Boulangerite ()*
Bowieite ()*	Calcite ()*	Cassiterite ()*	Cervantite ()*	Chalcocite ()*
Chalcopyrite ()*	Cherepanovite ()*	Chromite ()*	Chrysocolla ()*	Cinnabar ()*
Cooperite ()*	Covellite ()*	Cuprite ()*	Cuproiridsite ()*	Diamond ()*
Diopside ()*	Dolomite ()*	Epidote ()*	Erlichmanite ()*	Fluorite ()*
Froodite ()*	Galena ()*	Genkinite ()*	Geversite ()*	Glaucodot ()*
Goethite ()*	Gold ()*	Grossular ()*	Hematite ()*	Hollingworthite ()*
Hongshiite ()*	Ilmenite ()*	Insizwaite ()*	Irarsite ()*	Iridarsenite ()*
Iridium ()*	Isoferroplatinum ()*	Jamesonite ()*	Jordanite ()*	Kaolinite ()*
Kashinite ()*	Kermesite ()*	Konderite ()*	Laurite ()*	Magnetite ()*
Malachite ()*	Marcasite ()*	Mercury ()*	Mertieite-II ()*	Metacinnabar ()*
Metazeunerite ()*	Miassite ()*	Molybdenite ()*	Moncheite ()*	Muscovite ()*
Niggliite ()*	Orpiment ()*	Orthoclase ()*	Osarsite ()*	Osmium ()*
Palladium ()*	Pekoite ()*	Platarsite ()*	Platinum ()*	Polarite ()*
Potarite ()*	Powellite ()*	Mertieite-I ()*	Pyrite ()*	Pyrrhotite ()*
Quartz ()*	Realgar ()*	Rhodium ()*	Ruthenarsenite ()*	Rutheniridosmine ()*
Rutile ()*	Scheelite ()*	Scorodite ()*	Siderite ()*	Silver ()*
Sperrylite ()*	Sphalerite ()*	Spinel ()*	Stephanite ()*	Stibiconite ()*
Stibiopalladinite ()*	Stibnite ()*	Tellurobismuthite ()*	Tennantite-(Fe) ()*	Tetradymite ()*
Tetraferroplatinum ()*	Tetrahedrite-(Zn) ()*	Tolovkite ()*	Tulameenite ()*	Wollastonite ()*
Xenotime-(Y) ()*	Xingzhongite ()*	Zircon ()*

Mineral name	Structural Groups	IMA Formula	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	# of Sublocalities containing mineral	LOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids	# of localities containing mineral
Acanthite ()*	Acanthite	Ag₂S	72	72	1	128971	2793
Albite ()*	Feldspar	Na(AlSi₃O₈)			2	129158,129172	8803
Ankerite ()*	None	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂			2	129087,129191	3092
Aramayoite ()*	Aramayoite	Ag₃Sb₂(Bi,Sb)S₆	72	72	1	128998	29
Arsenic ()*	Arsenic	As			1	129137	379
Arsenopyrite ()*	Arsenopyrite	FeAsS	72	72	48	128961,128971,128973,128979,128980,128981,128985,128986,128988,128994,128998,129001,129002,129026,129040,129051,129052,129055,129064,129065,129076,129099,129131,129134,129135,129137,129138,129140,129141,129142,129143,129153,129158,129159,129161,129165,129166,129167,129171,129174,129175,129183,129185,129187,129190,129191,129195,129198	9052
Augite ()*	Pyroxene	(Ca,Mg,Fe)₂Si₂O₆			2	129111,129112	2060
Azurite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂	72	72	2	128986,129172	5509
Baryte ()*	Baryte	Ba(SO₄)	72	72	4	129037,129039,129156,129167	11547
Bindheimite ()*	Pyrochlore	Pb₂Sb⁵⁺₂O₇	72	72	1	128979	450
Bismuth ()*	Arsenic	Bi	72	72	2	128979,128998	1966
Bismuthinite ()*	Stibnite	Bi₂S₃	72	72	1	128950	1935
Bismutite ()*	Bismutite	Bi₂O₂(CO₃)	72	72	1	128998	716
Bornite ()*	None	Cu₅FeS₄	72	72	5	128986,128998,129064,129172,129180	5516
Boulangerite ()*	None	Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁	72	72	1	128981	843
Bowieite ()*	Bowieite	Rh₂S₃			2	129105,129109	33
Calcite ()*	Calcite	Ca(CO₃)	72	72	9	129008,129061,129062,129068,129143,129153,129162,129170,129191	27770
Cassiterite ()*	Rutile	SnO₂	72	72	9	128961,128986,129136,129137,129140,129141,129142,129143,129192	5171
Cervantite ()*	None	Sb³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₄			1	129134	352
Chalcocite ()*	None	Cu₂S	72	72	1	128986	5707
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	72	72	38	128950,128979,128986,128988,128998,129008,129024,129025,129026,129064,129068,129087,129099,129105,129128,129131,129135,129137,129153,129158,129159,129161,129162,129165,129166,129167,129170,129172,129174,129175,129176,129177,129179,129180,129184,129191,129193,129195	27198
Cherepanovite ()*	Modderite	RhAs			1	129088	15
Chromite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Cr₂O₄			19	129094,129095,129098,129100,129103,129105,129106,129107,129108,129109,129110,129111,129112,129115,129118,129119,129120,129121,129125	3902
Chrysocolla ()*	Allophane	(Cu_2-xAl_x)H_2-xSi₂O₅(OH)₄·nH₂O	72	72	1	128986	3531
Cinnabar ()*	None	HgS	72	72	42	128942,128943,128944,128945,128956,128957,128961,128964,128967,128978,128985,128987,128990,128991,128992,128993,128994,129002,129005,129007,129020,129033,129063,129067,129069,129072,129076,129078,129079,129118,129119,129134,129136,129137,129138,129139,129140,129141,129142,129150,129157,129163	2600
Cooperite ()*	None	PtS			1	129120	124
Covellite ()*	Covellite	CuS	72	72	2	128986,129137	4165
Cuprite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₂O	72	72	1	128986	2970
Cuproiridsite ()*	Spinel	Cu(Ir³⁺Ir⁴⁺)S₄			1	129105	31
Diamond ()*	Diamond	C			2	129118,129119	697
Diopside ()*	Pyroxene	CaMgSi₂O₆	72	72	1	129066	4135
Dolomite ()*	None	CaMg(CO₃)₂			1	129087	9895
Epidote ()*	Epidote Clinozoisite	Ca₂(Al₂Fe³⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)	72	72	3	129025,129153,129159	8173
Erlichmanite ()*	Pyrite	OsS₂			3	129088,129106,129109	110
Fluorite ()*	Fluorite	CaF₂			1	129158	9617
Froodite ()*	None	PdBi₂			1	129108	62
Galena ()*	Rocksalt	PbS	72	72	21	128977,128979,128986,128998,129026,129087,129137,129153,129158,129159,129164,129166,129167,129171,129176,129178,129180,129187,129188,129195,129198	24243
Genkinite ()*	None	Pt₄Sb₃			1	129108	12
Geversite ()*	Pyrite	PtSb₂			1	129108	38
Glaucodot ()*	Arsenopyrite	(Co_0.5Fe_0.5)AsS			1	129159	131
Goethite ()*	Diaspore	FeO(OH)	72	72	6	128986,129001,129013,129037,129053,129066	7437
Gold ()*	Copper	Au	72	72	97	128945,128946,128948,128949,128950,128952,128954,128958,128959,128960,128962,128963,128966,128969,128971,128975,128976,128984,128986,128989,128995,128996,128998,128999,129004,129005,129006,129008,129010,129011,129012,129016,129017,129018,129019,129039,129061,129062,129068,129071,129073,129074,129075,129076,129077,129078,129079,129080,129081,129082,129084,129085,129089,129090,129091,129092,129093,129095,129096,129097,129100,129102,129104,129105,129106,129107,129108,129109,129115,129118,129119,129120,129121,129122,129123,129125,129127,129128,129129,129130,129131,129133,129136,129138,129139,129140,129141,129142,129143,129150,129152,129154,129155,129157,129160,129163,129166	30554
Grossular ()*	Garnet	Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃			1	129106	1544
Hematite ()*	Corundum	Fe₂O₃	72	72	3	129058,129069,129105	14640
Hollingworthite ()*	Ullmannite	RhAsS			6	129088,129105,129106,129107,129108,129109	119
Hongshiite ()*	None	PtCu			1	129108	27
Ilmenite ()*	Corundum	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺O₃	72	72	13	128961,128972,129035,129095,129103,129105,129106,129107,129108,129109,129118,129121,129138	5433
Insizwaite ()*	Pyrite	PtBi₂			1	129108	15
Irarsite ()*	Pyrite	IrAsS			3	129107,129108,129120	154
Iridarsenite ()*	None	IrAs₂			3	129107,129108,129109	13
Iridium ()*	Copper	Ir			8	129088,129107,129108,129109,129118,129119,129120,129121	162
Isoferroplatinum ()*	Auricupride Perovskite	Pt₃Fe			1	129108	128
Jamesonite ()*	None	Pb₄FeSb₆S₁₄	72	72	1	128971	784
Jordanite ()*	Geocronite	Pb₁₄As₆S₂₃			1	129166	105
Kaolinite ()*	Clay Kaolinite	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄			1	129158	5591
Kashinite ()*	Bowieite	Ir₂S₃			2	129088,129109	29
Kermesite ()*	None	Sb₂OS₂	72	72	1	128981	230
Konderite ()*	None	PbCu₃Rh₈S₁₆			1	129088	4
Laurite ()*	Pyrite	RuS₂			3	129088,129105,129120	226
Magnetite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	72	72	27	128950,128959,128960,128961,128972,128994,129008,129076,129077,129095,129103,129105,129106,129107,129108,129109,129118,129121,129125,129135,129136,129140,129141,129142,129143,129159,129196	14899
Malachite ()*	Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂	72	72	3	128986,129026,129172	12537
Marcasite ()*	Marcasite	FeS₂	72	72	2	128998,129137	5674
Mercury ()*	None	Hg			2	129118,129119	397
Mertieite-II ()*	Stillwaterite	Pd₈Sb_2.5As_0.5			1	129108	44
Metacinnabar ()*	Sphalerite	HgS	72	72	1	128987	255
Metazeunerite ()*	None	Cu(UO₂)₂(AsO₄)₂·8H₂O	72	72	1	128986	182
Miassite ()*	None	Rh₁₇S₁₅			1	129109	10
Molybdenite ()*	Molybdenite	MoS₂	72	72	9	128950,128951,129014,129137,129158,129166,129170,129191,129196	5800
Moncheite ()*	Melonite	Pt(Te,Bi)₂			1	129105	133
Muscovite ()*	Mica Clay	KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂	72	72	8	128950,128979,129153,129158,129164,129166,129172,129176	17380
Niggliite ()*	Nickeline	PtSn			1	129108	22
Orpiment ()*	Orpiment	As₂S₃			2	129072,129150	511
Orthoclase ()*	Feldspar	K(AlSi₃O₈)			1	129128	2349
Osarsite ()*	Arsenopyrite	OsAsS			1	129105	16
Osmium ()*	None	Os			5	129105,129106,129107,129108,129109	169
Palladium ()*	Copper	Pd			1	129105	59
Pekoite ()*	Meneghinite	CuPbBi₁₁S₁₈	72	72	1	128979	39
Platarsite ()*	Pyrite	PtAsS			1	129108	44
Platinum ()*	Copper	Pt	72	72	17	128945,129088,129091,129095,129100,129101,129103,129105,129106,129108,129109,129114,129115,129116,129117,129119,129124	485
Polarite ()*	None	Pd(Bi,Pb)			1	129108	10
Potarite ()*	Potarite	PdHg			1	129108	25
Powellite ()*	Scheelite	Ca(MoO₄)	72	72	1	128951	494
Mertieite-I ()*	None	Pd_5+x(Sb,As)_2-x (x = 0.1-0.2)			1	129108	9
Pyrite ()*	Pyrite	FeS₂	72	72	59	128942,128950,128956,128971,128986,128993,128998,129008,129014,129024,129025,129031,129041,129042,129043,129045,129046,129050,129055,129056,129057,129061,129062,129065,129069,129087,129099,129105,129108,129131,129137,129142,129150,129153,129159,129162,129164,129165,129166,129167,129170,129175,129176,129177,129179,129180,129181,129182,129183,129184,129185,129186,129187,129188,129189,129191,129195,129196,129198	39462
Pyrrhotite ()*	Nickeline	Fe₇S₈	72	72	16	129025,129068,129099,129131,129137,129153,129159,129161,129165,129166,129175,129176,129191,129193,129195,129196	9056
Quartz ()*	Quartz	SiO₂	72	72	108	128942,128943,128944,128950,128951,128956,128964,128967,128970,128971,128973,128974,128978,128979,128981,128982,128985,128986,128988,128992,128993,128998,129000,129001,129002,129007,129008,129009,129013,129020,129022,129023,129025,129026,129027,129028,129029,129031,129032,129034,129036,129037,129038,129040,129041,129042,129043,129044,129046,129048,129049,129050,129051,129052,129053,129054,129055,129057,129058,129060,129061,129062,129064,129065,129067,129068,129069,129072,129087,129099,129128,129131,129134,129135,129136,129137,129140,129144,129145,129146,129150,129153,129158,129159,129161,129162,129164,129165,129166,129167,129170,129172,129174,129175,129176,129177,129179,129183,129184,129185,129186,129187,129188,129189,129190,129191,129195,129196	61156
Realgar ()*	None	AsS	72	72	4	128944,129072,129137,129150	712
Rhodium ()*	Copper	Rh			1	129108	17
Ruthenarsenite ()*	Modderite	(Ru,Ni)As			1	129108	9
Rutheniridosmine ()*	None	(Ir,Os,Ru)			1	129120	47
Rutile ()*	Rutile	TiO₂			1	129088	5614
Scheelite ()*	Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)	72	72	16	128971,128972,128977,128986,129009,129035,129037,129039,129064,129136,129137,129140,129142,129143,129162,129167	4894
Scorodite ()*	None	Fe³⁺(AsO₄)·2H₂O	72	72	2	128979,129087	1153
Siderite ()*	Calcite	Fe(CO₃)			1	129087	6417
Silver ()*	Copper	Ag	72	72	1	128971	5186
Sperrylite ()*	Pyrite	PtAs₂			8	129105,129106,129107,129108,129109,129118,129119,129120	337
Sphalerite ()*	Sphalerite	ZnS	72	72	21	128998,129024,129064,129068,129087,129137,129153,129158,129159,129164,129166,129167,129171,129175,129176,129178,129180,129191,129193,129195,129198	21482
Spinel ()*	Spinel	MgAl₂O₄			1	129088	1934
Stephanite ()*	None	Ag₅SbS₄	72	72	2	128986,128998	586
Stibiconite ()*	Pyrochlore	Sb³⁺Sb⁵⁺₂O₆(OH)	72	72	1	129069	446
Stibiopalladinite ()*	None	Pd₅Sb₂			1	129088	75
Stibnite ()*	Stibnite	Sb₂S₃	72	72	31	128942,128943,128944,128947,128967,128970,128971,128981,128983,128985,128986,128992,128993,129002,129031,129051,129055,129063,129067,129069,129131,129134,129137,129138,129140,129142,129143,129150,129165,129167,129173	3418
Tellurobismuthite ()*	Tetradymite	Bi₂Te₃	72	72	1	129068	276
Tennantite-(Fe) ()*	Tetrahedrite	Cu₆(Cu₄Fe₂)As₄S₁₃			1	129166	1803
Tetradymite ()*	Tetradymite	Bi₂Te₂S	72	72	1	129068	510
Tetraferroplatinum ()*	Potarite	PtFe			3	129118,129119,129120	66
Tetrahedrite-(Zn) ()*	Tetrahedrite	Cu₆(Cu₄Zn₂)Sb₄S₁₃	72	72	1	128998	5317
Tolovkite ()*	Cobaltite	IrSbS			1	129108	13
Tulameenite ()*	Potarite	Pt₂CuFe			2	129107,129109	48
Wollastonite ()*	Wollastonite	CaSiO₃			1	129087	1247
Xenotime-(Y) ()*	Zircon	Y(PO₄)			2	129168,129169	939
Xingzhongite ()*	Spinel	Pb²⁺Ir³⁺₂S₄			2	129107,129108	7
Zircon ()*	Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)			2	129105,129141	5251

1 Ages assigned to this locality:

	Excel ID	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	Age as listed in reference	Dating Method	Age Interpret	Prioritized?	Sample Source	Sample Num	Run Num	Age from other Locality	Dated Mineral	Minerals explicitely stated as having this age	Age applies to these Elements	MinDat Locality ID	Dated Locality (Max Age)	Location as listed in reference	Reference	Reference DOI	Reference ID	Age Notes
	Hg-00126	72	72		?-?								Cinnabar, Metacinnabar	Hg	203058	Aniak District, Bethel Census Area, Alaska, USA		Szumigala (1996)		GODAM3_1317

Sample	Source Locality	Reference URL
R080088	Goodnews Bay, Bethel Census Area, Alaska, USA	https://rruff.info/R080088
R070258	Fox Gulch (Fox Gulch Platinum Placer), Salmon River - Red Mountain District, Goodnews Bay, Bethel Census Area, Alaska, USA	https://rruff.info/R070258

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...