Mineral Evolution Database

Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.

Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.

Locality Name:
Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy

Oldest recorded age at locality: 5.3
Youngest recorded age at locality: 0

mindat Locality ID: 2163
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-2163.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy": 46
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 28

Number of Child Localities: 9
Child Localities:
Amiata Mt.
Cetona
Chiusdino
Gaiole In Chianti
Lucignano D'Asso
Montepulciano
Monteriggioni
Murlo
Rapolano Terme

Latitude: 43°11'0"N
Longitude: 11°23'59"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): 43.183333333333,11.399722222222

A	This mineral is Anthropogenic.
G	This mineral is directly dated.
B	This mineral is reported as having this age.
Y	This mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
O	This mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
R	The age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
P	The age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
	This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

Alum	Aluminite	Alunite	Amorphous	Analcime	Aragonite	Arsenic	Arsenolite	Arsenopyrite	Baryte
Beryl	Braunite	Calcite	Cetineite	Chalcopyrite	Chalcostibite	Chevkinite	Clay	Clinocervantite	Clinozoisite
Copiapite	Copper	Corundum	Diaspore	Epidote	Epsomite	Ettringite	Feldspar	Fluorite	Gypsum
Halotrichite	Hexahydrite	Hydrotalcite	Iron	Khademite	Klebelsbergite	Malachite	Marcasite	Melanterite	Metavoltine
Mica	Millerite	Minium	Nickeline	Nolanite	None	Not in a structural group	Orpiment	Perovskite	Pharmacosiderite
Prehnite	Pyrite	Pyrochlore	Pyroxene	Quartz	Rocksalt	Rosenbergite	Rutile	Römerite	Serpentine
Sphalerite	Spinel	Starkeyite	Stibnite	Sulphur	Talc	Tamarugite	Vivianite	Zircon

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Al As Au B Ba Be C Ca Ce Cl Co Cr Cu F Fe H Hg K Mg Mn N Na Ni O P Pb S Sb Si Sr Ti Zn Zr

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality:

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality:
Alum Aluminite Alunite Amorphous Analcime Aragonite Arsenic Arsenolite Arsenopyrite Baryte
Beryl Braunite Calcite Cetineite Chalcopyrite Chalcostibite Chevkinite Clay Clinocervantite Clinozoisite
Copiapite Copper Corundum Diaspore Epidote Epsomite Ettringite Feldspar Fluorite Gypsum
Halotrichite Hexahydrite Hydrotalcite Iron Khademite Klebelsbergite Malachite Marcasite Melanterite Metavoltine
Mica Millerite Minium Nickeline Nolanite None Not in a structural group Orpiment Perovskite Pharmacosiderite
Prehnite Pyrite Pyrochlore Pyroxene Quartz Rocksalt Rosenbergite Rutile Römerite Serpentine
Sphalerite Spinel Starkeyite Stibnite Sulphur Talc Tamarugite Vivianite Zircon

126 IMA Minerals at location:

Albite ()*	Alum-(K) ()*	Aluminite ()*	Aluminocopiapite ()*	Alunite ()*
Alunogen ()*	Analcime ()*	Antimony ()*	Aragonite ()*	Arsenopyrite ()*
Azurite ()*	Baryte ()*	Beryl ()*	Bindheimite ()*	Bornite ()*
Braunite ()*	Brizziite ()*	Calcite ()*	Celestine ()*	Cervantite ()*
Cetineite ()*	Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcostibite ()*	Chapmanite ()*	Chromite ()*
Chrysotile ()*	Cinnabar ()*	Clinocervantite ()*	Copiapite ()*	Copper ()*
Coquandite ()*	Dawsonite ()*	Diopside ()*	Dolomite ()*	Elpasolite ()*
Epidote ()*	Epsomite ()*	Ettringite ()*	Ferrihydrite ()*	Ferrinatrite ()*
Fibroferrite ()*	Fluorite ()*	Galena ()*	Gaylussite ()*	Gearksutite ()*
Gibbsite ()*	Goethite ()*	Gold ()*	Grandidierite ()*	Graphite ()*
Gypsum ()*	Halotrichite ()*	Hausmannite ()*	Hematite ()*	Hexahydrite ()*
Hydrokenoralstonite ()*	Ilmenite ()*	Iron ()*	Jamborite ()*	Jarosite ()*
Jurbanite ()*	Kermesite ()*	Khademite ()*	Klebelsbergite ()*	Laumontite ()*
Malachite ()*	Manganite ()*	Marcasite ()*	Melanterite ()*	Mercury ()*
Metacinnabar ()*	Metasideronatrite ()*	Metastibnite ()*	Metavoltine ()*	Millerite ()*
Mirabilite ()*	Monohydrocalcite ()*	Montroydite ()*	Mopungite ()*	Muscovite ()*
Onoratoite ()*	Opal ()*	Orpiment ()*	Orthoclase ()*	Peretaite ()*
Perrierite-(Ce) ()*	Pharmacosiderite ()*	Pickeringite ()*	Plagionite ()*	Prehnite ()*
Pyrite ()*	Pyrolusite ()*	Pyrrhotite ()*	Quartz ()*	Realgar ()*
Rhodochrosite ()*	Römerite ()*	Rosenbergite ()*	Rosiaite ()*	Rostite ()*
Rozenite ()*	Rutile ()*	Sanidine ()*	Schafarzikite ()*	Scorodite ()*
Senarmontite ()*	Siderite ()*	Sideronatrite ()*	Sillimanite ()*	Simonellite ()*
Sphalerite ()*	Spinel ()*	Stibiconite ()*	Stibnite ()*	Sulphur ()*
Taenite ()*	Talc ()*	Tamarugite ()*	Tripuhyite ()*	Troilite ()*
Tschermigite ()*	Uklonskovite ()*	Valentinite ()*	Vivianite ()*	Zircon ()*
Zoisite ()*

Mineral name	Structural Groups	IMA Formula	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	# of Sublocalities containing mineral	LOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids	# of localities containing mineral
Albite ()*	Feldspar	Na(AlSi₃O₈)			2	73188,73202	8803
Alum-(K) ()*	Alum	KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O			1	73182	92
Aluminite ()*	Aluminite	Al₂(SO₄)(OH)₄·7H₂O			1	73182	78
Aluminocopiapite ()*	Copiapite	(Al,Mg)Fe³⁺₄(SO₄)₆(OH,O)₂·20H₂O			1	73182	50
Alunite ()*	None	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆			1	73182	966
Alunogen ()*	Not in a structural group	Al₂(SO₄)₃(H₂O)₁₂·5H₂O			1	73182	272
Analcime ()*	Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆)·H₂O			1	73198	1627
Antimony ()*	Arsenic	Sb			1	73182	363
Aragonite ()*	Aragonite	Ca(CO₃)	0.29	0	6	73174,73182,73194,73200,73206,73209	3250
Arsenopyrite ()*	Arsenopyrite	FeAsS			1	73181	9052
Azurite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂			2	73182,73209	5509
Baryte ()*	Baryte	Ba(SO₄)	0.29	0	4	73172,73182,73184,73186	11547
Beryl ()*	Beryl	Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈			1	73181	4286
Bindheimite ()*	Pyrochlore	Pb₂Sb⁵⁺₂O₇			1	73182	450
Bornite ()*	None	Cu₅FeS₄			1	73209	5516
Braunite ()*	Braunite	Mn²⁺Mn³⁺₆O₈(SiO₄)			3	73179,73203,73206	483
Brizziite ()*	Corundum	NaSbO₃			1	73182	2
Calcite ()*	Calcite	Ca(CO₃)	0.29	0	15	73170,73172,73174,73175,73176,73182,73184,73186,73194,73195,73200,73202,73206,73207,73209	27770
Celestine ()*	Baryte	Sr(SO₄)	0.29	0	4	73172,73182,73184,73194	1252
Cervantite ()*	None	Sb³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₄			1	73182	352
Cetineite ()*	Cetineite	NaK₅Sb₁₄S₆O₁₈(H₂O)₆	0	0	1	73182	7
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	0.29	0	4	73175,73181,73206,73209	27198
Chalcostibite ()*	Chalcostibite	CuSbS₂			1	73182	162
Chapmanite ()*	None	Fe³⁺₂Sb³⁺(Si₂O₅)O₃(OH)			1	73182	31
Chromite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Cr₂O₄			1	73188	3902
Chrysotile ()*	Serpentine Clay	Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄			1	73202	951
Cinnabar ()*	None	HgS	0.29	0	6	73170,73172,73174,73175,73176,73182	2600
Clinocervantite ()*	Clinocervantite	Sb³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₄			1	73182	2
Copiapite ()*	Copiapite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₄(SO₄)₆(OH)₂·20H₂O			1	73182	382
Copper ()*	Copper	Cu			2	73188,73209	3846
Coquandite ()*	None	Sb³⁺_6+xO_8+x(SO₄)(OH)_x(H₂O)_1-x (x = 0.3)			1	73182	10
Dawsonite ()*	None	NaAl(CO₃)(OH)₂	0.29	0	3	73173,73175,73176	90
Diopside ()*	Pyroxene	CaMgSi₂O₆			3	73188,73198,73202	4135
Dolomite ()*	None	CaMg(CO₃)₂	0.29	0	7	73170,73174,73175,73176,73182,73200,73206	9895
Elpasolite ()*	Perovskite	K₂NaAlF₆			1	73182	16
Epidote ()*	Epidote Clinozoisite	Ca₂(Al₂Fe³⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)			1	73198	8173
Epsomite ()*	Epsomite	Mg(SO₄)·7H₂O			1	73182	484
Ettringite ()*	Ettringite	Ca₆Al₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₁₂·27H₂O			1	73182	93
Ferrihydrite ()*	Nolanite	Fe³⁺₁₀O₁₄(OH)₂			1	73182	86
Ferrinatrite ()*	None	Na₃Fe³⁺(SO₄)₃·3H₂O			1	73182	25
Fibroferrite ()*	Not in a structural group	Fe³⁺(SO₄)(OH)·5H₂O			1	73182	107
Fluorite ()*	Fluorite	CaF₂	0.29	0	2	73172,73182	9617
Galena ()*	Rocksalt	PbS			1	73184	24243
Gaylussite ()*	None	Na₂Ca(CO₃)₂·5H₂O			1	73182	57
Gearksutite ()*	None	CaAlF₄(OH)·H₂O			1	73182	68
Gibbsite ()*	None	Al(OH)₃			1	73182	504
Goethite ()*	Diaspore	FeO(OH)			3	73182,73184,73206	7437
Gold ()*	Copper	Au			1	73182	30554
Grandidierite ()*	None	MgAl₃O₂(BO₃)(SiO₄)	0.29	0	1	73168	40
Graphite ()*	None	C	0.29	0	1	73168	2812
Gypsum ()*	Gypsum	Ca(SO₄)·2H₂O	0.29	0	9	73172,73174,73175,73176,73180,73182,73184,73194,73200	6890
Halotrichite ()*	Halotrichite	Fe²⁺Al₂(SO₄)₄·22H₂O			1	73182	409
Hausmannite ()*	Spinel	Mn²⁺Mn³⁺₂O₄			1	73206	350
Hematite ()*	Corundum	Fe₂O₃			2	73182,73207	14640
Hexahydrite ()*	Hexahydrite	Mg(SO₄)·6H₂O			1	73182	251
Hydrokenoralstonite ()*	Pyrochlore	₂Al₂F₆(H₂O)			1	73182	56
Ilmenite ()*	Corundum	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺O₃	0.29	0	2	73168,73188	5433
Iron ()*	Iron	Fe			1	73188	1089
Jamborite ()*	Hydrotalcite	Ni²⁺_1-xCo³⁺_x(OH)_2-x(SO₄)_x·nH₂O [x ≤ 1/3 n; ≤ (1-x)]			1	73182	32
Jarosite ()*	Alunite	KFe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆			1	73182	2228
Jurbanite ()*	Not in a structural group	Al(SO₄)(OH)·5H₂O			1	73182	7
Kermesite ()*	None	Sb₂OS₂			1	73182	230
Khademite ()*	Khademite	Al(SO₄)F·5H₂O			1	73182	15
Klebelsbergite ()*	Klebelsbergite	Sb³⁺₄O₄(SO₄)(OH)₂			1	73182	16
Laumontite ()*	Not in a structural group	CaAl₂Si₄O₁₂·4H₂O			3	73198,73202,73207	1271
Malachite ()*	Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂	0.29	0	4	73175,73182,73209,73213	12537
Manganite ()*	Rutile	Mn³⁺O(OH)			2	73206,73210	770
Marcasite ()*	Marcasite	FeS₂	0.29	0	10	73170,73172,73174,73175,73176,73182,73184,73192,73200,73206	5674
Melanterite ()*	Melanterite	Fe(SO₄)·7H₂O	0.29	0	3	73172,73182,73184	915
Mercury ()*	None	Hg	0.29	0	2	73170,73176	397
Metacinnabar ()*	Sphalerite	HgS	0.29	0	4	73170,73172,73175,73176	255
Metasideronatrite ()*	None	Na₂Fe³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH)·H₂O			1	73182	28
Metastibnite ()*	Stibnite	Sb₂S₃			1	73182	87
Metavoltine ()*	Metavoltine	K₂Na₆Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₆O₂(SO₄)₁₂·18H₂O			1	73182	78
Millerite ()*	Millerite	NiS	0.29	0	2	73176,73182	1066
Mirabilite ()*	None	Na₂(SO₄)·10H₂O			1	73182	223
Monohydrocalcite ()*	None	Ca(CO₃)·H₂O			1	73182	55
Montroydite ()*	None	HgO	0.29	0	1	73176	29
Mopungite ()*	Perovskite	NaSb⁵⁺(OH)₆			1	73182	8
Muscovite ()*	Mica Clay	KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂			2	73181,73182	17380
Onoratoite ()*	None	Sb₈O₁₁Cl₂			1	73182	4
Opal ()*	Amorphous	SiO₂·nH₂O			2	73182,73206	2994
Orpiment ()*	Orpiment	As₂S₃	0.29	0	3	73170,73172,73182	511
Orthoclase ()*	Feldspar	K(AlSi₃O₈)			1	73182	2349
Peretaite ()*	None	CaSb³⁺₄O₄(SO₄)₂(OH)₂·2H₂O			1	73182	6
Perrierite-(Ce) ()*	Chevkinite	Ce₄MgFe³⁺₂Ti₂O₈(Si₂O₇)₂	0.29	0	1	73168	46
Pharmacosiderite ()*	Pharmacosiderite	KFe³⁺₄(AsO₄)₃(OH)₄·6-7H₂O			1	73182	428
Pickeringite ()*	Halotrichite	MgAl₂(SO₄)₄·22H₂O			1	73182	265
Plagionite ()*	None	Pb₅Sb₈S₁₇			1	73182	100
Prehnite ()*	Prehnite	Ca₂Al(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂			3	73198,73202,73207	1898
Pyrite ()*	Pyrite	FeS₂	0.29	0	10	73170,73172,73174,73175,73176,73181,73182,73184,73206,73209	39462
Pyrolusite ()*	Rutile	MnO₂			7	73179,73203,73206,73209,73210,73212,73213	3106
Pyrrhotite ()*	Nickeline	Fe₇S₈			1	73182	9056
Quartz ()*	Quartz	SiO₂	0.29	0	16	73168,73172,73174,73175,73176,73181,73182,73184,73192,73195,73196,73203,73206,73207,73210,73212	61156
Realgar ()*	None	AsS	0.29	0	3	73170,73172,73182	712
Rhodochrosite ()*	Calcite	Mn(CO₃)			1	73206	1711
Römerite ()*	Römerite	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)₄·14H₂O			1	73182	115
Rosenbergite ()*	Rosenbergite	AlF[F_0.5(H₂O)_0.5]₄·H₂O			1	73182	4
Rosiaite ()*	None	PbSb₂O₆			1	73182	8
Rostite ()*	Khademite	Al(SO₄)(OH)·5H₂O			1	73182	10
Rozenite ()*	Starkeyite	Fe²⁺(SO₄)·4H₂O			1	73182	293
Rutile ()*	Rutile	TiO₂			1	73181	5614
Sanidine ()*	Feldspar	K(AlSi₃O₈)	0.29	0	1	73168	598
Schafarzikite ()*	Minium	Fe²⁺(Sb³⁺)₂O₄			1	73182	9
Scorodite ()*	None	Fe³⁺(AsO₄)·2H₂O			1	73182	1153
Senarmontite ()*	Arsenolite	Sb₂O₃			1	73182	179
Siderite ()*	Calcite	Fe(CO₃)			2	73182,73200	6417
Sideronatrite ()*	None	Na₂Fe³⁺(SO₄)₂(OH)·3H₂O			1	73182	73
Sillimanite ()*	Not in a structural group	Al₂SiO₅	0.29	0	1	73168	1516
Simonellite ()*	None	C₁₉H₂₄	5.3	1.8	1	73190	1
Sphalerite ()*	Sphalerite	ZnS			2	73182,73184	21482
Spinel ()*	Spinel	MgAl₂O₄	0.29	0	2	73168,73188	1934
Stibiconite ()*	Pyrochlore	Sb³⁺Sb⁵⁺₂O₆(OH)			1	73182	446
Stibnite ()*	Stibnite	Sb₂S₃	0.29	0	2	73172,73182	3418
Sulphur ()*	Sulphur	S	0.29	0	6	73172,73175,73182,73184,73194,73200	2045
Taenite ()*	None	(Ni,Fe)			1	73188	703
Talc ()*	Clay Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂			1	73202	3337
Tamarugite ()*	Tamarugite	NaAl(SO₄)₂·6H₂O			1	73182	87
Tripuhyite ()*	Rutile	Fe³⁺Sb⁵⁺O₄			1	73182	66
Troilite ()*	None	FeS			1	73188	1044
Tschermigite ()*	Alum	(NH₄)Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O			1	73182	81
Uklonskovite ()*	None	NaMg(SO₄)F·2H₂O			1	73182	7
Valentinite ()*	None	Sb₂O₃			1	73182	369
Vivianite ()*	Vivianite	Fe²⁺₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O	0.29	0	1	73172	636
Zircon ()*	Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)	0.29	0	1	73168	5251
Zoisite ()*	Epidote	Ca₂Al₃[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)			1	73202	1025

Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:

Age ID	Locality Notes
Michelle_506	A tropical Pliocene marine setting provided abundant organic and lacustrine deposits.

2 Ages assigned to this locality:

	Excel ID	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	Age as listed in reference	Dating Method	Age Interpret	Prioritized?	Sample Source	Sample Num	Run Num	Age from other Locality	Dated Mineral	Minerals explicitely stated as having this age	Age applies to these Elements	MinDat Locality ID	Dated Locality (Max Age)	Location as listed in reference	Reference	Reference DOI	Reference ID	Age Notes
	Hg-00103	0.29	0	0.29-0.18									Cinnabar, Mercury, Metacinnabar, Montroydite	Hg	53078	Amiata Mt., Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	Mount Amiata	Bigazzi et al. (1981)	10.1007/BF02600577	BV44_455
	Michelle_506	5.3	1.8	Pliocene	Stratigraphy	Age of lignite									286845	Montepulciano, Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	Montepulciano Hills	Preller (1919)	10.1080/14702541908541612	SGM35_177	Lignite deposit occurs in Pliocene sediments

Sample	Source Locality	Reference URL
R060611	Le Cetine Di Cotorniano Mine (Le Cetine Mine; Cetine Mine; Rosia), Chiusdino, Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	https://rruff.info/R060611
R070385	Le Cetine Di Cotorniano Mine (Le Cetine Mine; Cetine Mine; Rosia), Chiusdino, Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	https://rruff.info/R070385
R061029	Le Cetine Di Cotorniano Mine (Le Cetine Mine; Cetine Mine; Rosia), Chiusdino, Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	https://rruff.info/R061029
R060835	Le Cetine Di Cotorniano Mine (Le Cetine Mine; Cetine Mine; Rosia), Chiusdino, Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	https://rruff.info/R060835
R060736	Le Cetine Di Cotorniano Mine (Le Cetine Mine; Cetine Mine; Rosia), Chiusdino, Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	https://rruff.info/R060736
R070384	Le Cetine Di Cotorniano Mine (Le Cetine Mine; Cetine Mine; Rosia), Chiusdino, Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	https://rruff.info/R070384
R070383	Le Cetine Di Cotorniano Mine (Le Cetine Mine; Cetine Mine; Rosia), Chiusdino, Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	https://rruff.info/R070383
R130116	Fognano, Montepulciano, Siena Province, Tuscany, Italy	https://rruff.info/R130116

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...