Mineral Evolution Database

Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.

Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.

Locality Name:
Kunene Region, Namibia

Oldest recorded age at locality: 1000
Youngest recorded age at locality: 100

mindat Locality ID: 29110
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-29110.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Kunene Region, Namibia": 67
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 51

Number of Child Localities: 7
Child Localities:
Epupa
Kamanjab
Kaokoveld Plateau
Khorixas
Opuwo Rural
Outjo
Sesfontein

Latitude: 19°6'37"S
Longitude: 14°10'13"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -19.110277777778,14.170277777778

A	This mineral is Anthropogenic.
G	This mineral is directly dated.
B	This mineral is reported as having this age.
Y	This mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
O	This mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
R	The age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
P	The age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
	This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

Adelite	Ajoite	Allophane	Alunite	Amorphous	Amphibole	Analcime	Apatite	Aragonite	Arcanite
Arsenic	Baryte	Bastnäsite	Bismutite	Brochantite	Calcite	Cancrinite	Cancrinite-sodalite	Carbocernaite	Chalcopyrite
Clay	Clinozoisite	Columbite	Copper	Corundum	Descloizite	Diaspore	Digenite	Epidote	Feldspar
Fluorite	Garnet	Gypsum	Kaolinite	Lepidocrocite	Malachite	Mica	Millerite	Monazite	Natrolite
Nickeline	None	Not in a structural group	Olivine	Parisite	Pentlandite	Plancheite	Pyrite	Pyrophyllite	Pyroxene
Quartz	Rocksalt	Rutile	Scheelite	Sodalite	Sphalerite	Spinel	Titanite	Tourmaline	Tridymite
Tungstite	Wurtzite	Zircon	Zirconolite

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Ag Al Au B Ba Be Bi C Ca Ce Cl Co Cu F Fe H I K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni O P Pb S Si Sn Sr Th Ti V W Y Zn Zr

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality:

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality:
Adelite Ajoite Allophane Alunite Amorphous Amphibole Analcime Apatite Aragonite Arcanite
Arsenic Baryte Bastnäsite Bismutite Brochantite Calcite Cancrinite Cancrinite-sodalite Carbocernaite Chalcopyrite
Clay Clinozoisite Columbite Copper Corundum Descloizite Diaspore Digenite Epidote Feldspar
Fluorite Garnet Gypsum Kaolinite Lepidocrocite Malachite Mica Millerite Monazite Natrolite
Nickeline None Not in a structural group Olivine Parisite Pentlandite Plancheite Pyrite Pyrophyllite Pyroxene
Quartz Rocksalt Rutile Scheelite Sodalite Sphalerite Spinel Titanite Tourmaline Tridymite
Tungstite Wurtzite Zircon Zirconolite

116 IMA Minerals at location:

Aegirine ()*	Aegirine-augite ()*	Ajoite ()*	Albite ()*	Analcime ()*
Anglesite ()*	Ankerite ()*	Apachite ()*	Aragonite ()*	Arcanite ()*
Arfvedsonite ()*	Augite ()*	Azurite ()*	Baryte ()*	Bastnäsite-(Ce) ()*
Bertrandite ()*	Beyerite ()*	Bismite ()*	Bismuth ()*	Bismutite ()*
Bornite ()*	Brochantite ()*	Calcite ()*	Cancrinite ()*	Carbocernaite ()*
Cassiterite ()*	Cerussite ()*	Chalcocite ()*	Chalcopyrite ()*	Chlorargyrite ()*
Chrysocolla ()*	Clinobisvanite ()*	Clinozoisite ()*	Columbite-(Fe) ()*	Copper ()*
Cuprite ()*	Cuprotungstite ()*	Diaspore ()*	Digenite ()*	Dioptase ()*
Djurleite ()*	Dolomite ()*	Dravite ()*	Enstatite ()*	Epidote ()*
Ferro-pargasite ()*	Fletcherite ()*	Fluorapatite ()*	Fluorite ()*	Galena ()*
Goethite ()*	Gold ()*	Gypsum ()*	Hastingsite ()*	Hematite ()*
Hemimorphite ()*	Ilmenite ()*	Iodargyrite ()*	Jarosite ()*	Kaolinite ()*
Khorixasite ()*	Lanarkite ()*	Laumontite ()*	Leadhillite ()*	Lepidocrocite ()*
Magnesio-arfvedsonite ()*	Magnetite ()*	Malachite ()*	Microcline ()*	Millerite ()*
Monazite-(Ce) ()*	Mottramite ()*	Muscovite ()*	Namibite ()*	Nepheline ()*
Opal ()*	Orthoclase ()*	Parisite-(Ce) ()*	Pentlandite ()*	Phlogopite ()*
Plancheite ()*	Plattnerite ()*	Polydymite ()*	Pseudomalachite ()*	Pyrite ()*
Pyrolusite ()*	Pyromorphite ()*	Pyrophyllite ()*	Pyrrhotite ()*	Quartz ()*
Riebeckite ()*	Rutile ()*	Scheelite ()*	Scolecite ()*	Shattuckite ()*
Siderite ()*	Siegenite ()*	Silver ()*	Sodalite ()*	Spessartine ()*
Sphalerite ()*	Strontianite ()*	Synchysite-(Ce) ()*	Tangeite ()*	Tenorite ()*
Thorite ()*	Titanite ()*	Todorokite ()*	Tremolite ()*	Triphylite ()*
Tungstite ()*	Vanadinite ()*	Wulfenite ()*	Xenotime-(Y) ()*	Zircon ()*
Zirconolite ()*

Mineral name	Structural Groups	IMA Formula	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	# of Sublocalities containing mineral	LOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids	# of localities containing mineral
Aegirine ()*	Pyroxene	NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆	1000	541	4	86826,86827,86860,86870	1022
Aegirine-augite ()*	Pyroxene	(Ca,Na)(Fe³⁺,Mg,Fe²⁺)Si₂O₆	1000	541	1	86870	286
Ajoite ()*	Ajoite	K₃Cu²⁺₂₀Al₃Si₂₉O₇₆(OH)₁₆·8H₂O			1	86872	11
Albite ()*	Feldspar	Na(AlSi₃O₈)	1000	541	7	86829,86831,86832,86834,86870,86872,86891	8803
Analcime ()*	Analcime	Na(AlSi₂O₆)·H₂O	749	749	3	86831,86834,86867	1627
Anglesite ()*	Baryte	Pb(SO₄)	545	533	3	86847,86854,86856	2734
Ankerite ()*	None	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂	1000	541	4	86827,86832,86834,86870	3092
Apachite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu²⁺₉Si₁₀O₂₉·11H₂O	545	533	1	86840	5
Aragonite ()*	Aragonite	Ca(CO₃)			1	86872	3250
Arcanite ()*	Arcanite	K₂(SO₄)			3	86878,86888,86889	30
Arfvedsonite ()*	Amphibole	NaNa₂(Fe²⁺₄Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂			1	86826	295
Augite ()*	Pyroxene	(Ca,Mg,Fe)₂Si₂O₆	1000	541	1	86870	2060
Azurite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂	545	533	5	86840,86847,86856,86872,86884	5509
Baryte ()*	Baryte	Ba(SO₄)	1000	100	11	86832,86837,86840,86844,86847,86848,86850,86856,86870,86881,86891	11547
Bastnäsite-(Ce) ()*	Bastnäsite	Ce(CO₃)F	1000	541	1	86870	304
Bertrandite ()*	Not in a structural group	Be₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂			1	86877	606
Beyerite ()*	Bismutite	CaBi₂O₂(CO₃)₂	545	533	2	86840,86872	96
Bismite ()*	None	Bi₂O₃			1	86872	214
Bismuth ()*	Arsenic	Bi			1	86872	1966
Bismutite ()*	Bismutite	Bi₂O₂(CO₃)	545	533	2	86844,86872	716
Bornite ()*	None	Cu₅FeS₄	749	749	1	86834	5516
Brochantite ()*	Brochantite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆			1	86872	1633
Calcite ()*	Calcite	Ca(CO₃)	1000	533	11	86827,86832,86840,86844,86847,86848,86850,86851,86856,86870,86872	27770
Cancrinite ()*	Cancrinite	(Na,Ca, )₈(Al₆Si₆)O₂₄(CO₃,SO₄)₂·2H₂O	1000	541	3	86832,86834,86870	232
Carbocernaite ()*	Carbocernaite	(Sr,Ce,La)(Ca,Na)(CO₃)₂	749	749	1	86832	24
Cassiterite ()*	Rutile	SnO₂	510	510	3	86859,86863,86864	5171
Cerussite ()*	Aragonite	Pb(CO₃)	545	533	7	86839,86840,86844,86848,86850,86856,86872	4979
Chalcocite ()*	None	Cu₂S	749	533	5	86834,86840,86847,86872,86884	5707
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	1000	541	6	86831,86832,86834,86835,86872,86891	27198
Chlorargyrite ()*	Rocksalt	AgCl	545	533	2	86840,86872	1382
Chrysocolla ()*	Allophane	(Cu_2-xAl_x)H_2-xSi₂O₅(OH)₄·nH₂O	545	533	4	86840,86847,86856,86872	3531
Clinobisvanite ()*	None	Bi(VO₄)			1	86872	36
Clinozoisite ()*	Clinozoisite Epidote	Ca₂Al₃[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)	749	749	1	86831	1025
Columbite-(Fe) ()*	Columbite	Fe²⁺Nb₂O₆	1000	541	1	86870	518
Copper ()*	Copper	Cu	545	533	3	86840,86848,86872	3846
Cuprite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₂O	545	533	8	86840,86844,86847,86854,86856,86860,86872,86884	2970
Cuprotungstite ()*	None	Cu²⁺₃(WO₄)₂(OH)₂			1	86872	67
Diaspore ()*	Diaspore	AlO(OH)	749	749	1	86834	481
Digenite ()*	Digenite	Cu_1.8S	1000	541	2	86834,86891	1027
Dioptase ()*	None	CuSiO₃·H₂O	545	533	11	86839,86840,86844,86847,86848,86850,86852,86853,86855,86856,86884	164
Djurleite ()*	None	Cu₃₁S₁₆	545	533	4	86840,86844,86856,86872	300
Dolomite ()*	None	CaMg(CO₃)₂	1000	533	5	86827,86834,86840,86856,86870	9895
Dravite ()*	Tourmaline	NaMg₃Al₆(Si₆O₁₈)(BO₃)₃(OH)₃(OH)			1	86872	648
Enstatite ()*	Pyroxene	Mg₂Si₂O₆	749	749	1	86832	944
Epidote ()*	Epidote Clinozoisite	Ca₂(Al₂Fe³⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)	1000	541	5	86834,86835,86870,86872,86891	8173
Ferro-pargasite ()*	Amphibole	NaCa₂(Fe²⁺₄Al)(Si₆Al₂)O₂₂(OH)₂	749	749	1	86835	54
Fletcherite ()*	Spinel	CuNi₂S₄	749	749	1	86831	13
Fluorapatite ()*	Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F	1000	541	4	86826,86859,86870,86877	2740
Fluorite ()*	Fluorite	CaF₂	1000	100	4	86831,86870,86883,86891	9617
Galena ()*	Rocksalt	PbS	1000	533	6	86834,86850,86854,86856,86872,86891	24243
Goethite ()*	Diaspore	FeO(OH)	749	533	5	86834,86840,86844,86856,86872	7437
Gold ()*	Copper	Au			3	86868,86872,86873	30554
Gypsum ()*	Gypsum	Ca(SO₄)·2H₂O			1	86872	6890
Hastingsite ()*	Amphibole	NaCa₂(Fe²⁺₄Fe³⁺)(Si₆Al₂)O₂₂(OH)₂	749	749	1	86831	209
Hematite ()*	Corundum	Fe₂O₃	1000	533	8	86834,86840,86844,86856,86864,86870,86872,86877	14640
Hemimorphite ()*	Not in a structural group	Zn₄(Si₂O₇)(OH)₂·H₂O	545	533	1	86840	1689
Ilmenite ()*	Corundum	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺O₃	1000	541	4	86832,86834,86835,86870	5433
Iodargyrite ()*	Wurtzite	AgI	545	533	2	86840,86872	180
Jarosite ()*	Alunite	KFe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆			1	86872	2228
Kaolinite ()*	Clay Kaolinite	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄	545	533	1	86856	5591
Khorixasite ()*	Descloizite	(Bi_0.67 _0.33)Cu(VO₄)(OH)			1	86872	2
Lanarkite ()*	None	Pb₂O(SO₄)	545	533	1	86856	97
Laumontite ()*	Not in a structural group	CaAl₂Si₄O₁₂·4H₂O			1	86867	1271
Leadhillite ()*	None	Pb₄(SO₄)(CO₃)₂(OH)₂	545	533	1	86856	265
Lepidocrocite ()*	Lepidocrocite	Fe³⁺O(OH)	749	749	1	86834	581
Magnesio-arfvedsonite ()*	Amphibole	NaNa₂(Mg₄Fe³⁺)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂	749	749	1	86832	79
Magnetite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	1000	541	4	86832,86834,86870,86891	14899
Malachite ()*	Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂	1000	533	11	86840,86844,86847,86848,86850,86851,86853,86856,86872,86884,86891	12537
Microcline ()*	Feldspar	K(AlSi₃O₈)	1000	541	1	86870	4924
Millerite ()*	Millerite	NiS	749	749	2	86831,86834	1066
Monazite-(Ce) ()*	Monazite	Ce(PO₄)	1000	541	2	86859,86870	945
Mottramite ()*	Descloizite	PbCu(VO₄)(OH)	545	533	7	86840,86844,86847,86848,86852,86856,86872	362
Muscovite ()*	Mica Clay	KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂	1000	533	10	86827,86829,86832,86834,86835,86840,86864,86870,86877,86891	17380
Namibite ()*	None	Cu(BiO)₂(VO₄)(OH)	545	533	2	86840,86872	24
Nepheline ()*	Tridymite	Na₃K(Al₄Si₄O₁₆)	1000	541	2	86834,86870	884
Opal ()*	Amorphous	SiO₂·nH₂O	1000	510	1	86857	2994
Orthoclase ()*	Feldspar	K(AlSi₃O₈)	749	749	1	86831	2349
Parisite-(Ce) ()*	Parisite	CaCe₂(CO₃)₃F₂	1000	541	1	86870	112
Pentlandite ()*	Pentlandite	(Ni,Fe)₉S₈	749	749	1	86834	1512
Phlogopite ()*	Mica Clay	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂	1000	541	2	86870,86872	2273
Plancheite ()*	Plancheite	Cu₈(Si₄O₁₁)₂(OH)₄·H₂O	545	533	5	86839,86847,86853,86856,86872	74
Plattnerite ()*	Rutile	PbO₂	545	533	1	86856	158
Polydymite ()*	Spinel	Ni²⁺Ni³⁺₂S₄	749	749	2	86831,86834	131
Pseudomalachite ()*	None	Cu₅(PO₄)₂(OH)₄			1	86872	369
Pyrite ()*	Pyrite	FeS₂	1000	541	5	86831,86832,86834,86835,86870	39462
Pyrolusite ()*	Rutile	MnO₂			1	86872	3106
Pyromorphite ()*	Apatite	Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl	545	533	1	86844	1725
Pyrophyllite ()*	Clay Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂	1000	510	1	86857	771
Pyrrhotite ()*	Nickeline	Fe₇S₈	749	749	1	86834	9056
Quartz ()*	Quartz	SiO₂	1000	510	21	86829,86831,86832,86839,86840,86844,86847,86848,86850,86851,86852,86856,86863,86864,86867,86870,86872,86877,86885,86887,86891	61156
Riebeckite ()*	Amphibole	Na₂(Fe²⁺₃Fe³⁺₂)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂	1000	541	1	86870	375
Rutile ()*	Rutile	TiO₂	1000	541	3	86834,86870,86872	5614
Scheelite ()*	Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)			1	86872	4894
Scolecite ()*	Natrolite	Ca(Si₃Al₂)O₁₀·3H₂O			1	86867	390
Shattuckite ()*	None	Cu₅(SiO₃)₄(OH)₂	545	533	7	86840,86844,86847,86850,86851,86856,86872	71
Siderite ()*	Calcite	Fe(CO₃)	749	749	2	86834,86872	6417
Siegenite ()*	Spinel	CoNi₂S₄	749	749	1	86834	249
Silver ()*	Copper	Ag	545	533	2	86840,86872	5186
Sodalite ()*	Cancrinite-sodalite Sodalite	Na₄(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂Cl	1000	541	4	86831,86832,86834,86870	444
Spessartine ()*	Garnet	Mn²⁺₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃	1000	541	4	86828,86829,86830,86891	1214
Sphalerite ()*	Sphalerite	ZnS	1000	541	1	86891	21482
Strontianite ()*	Aragonite	Sr(CO₃)	749	749	1	86832	589
Synchysite-(Ce) ()*	None	CaCe(CO₃)₂F	1000	541	1	86870	232
Tangeite ()*	Adelite	CaCu(VO₄)(OH)			1	86872	60
Tenorite ()*	None	CuO	545	533	2	86847,86872	1101
Thorite ()*	Zircon	Th(SiO₄)	1000	541	1	86870	1006
Titanite ()*	Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O	1000	541	2	86831,86870	4899
Todorokite ()*	None	(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂·3-4H₂O			1	86872	433
Tremolite ()*	Amphibole	Ca₂(Mg_5.0-4.5Fe²⁺_0.0-0.5)Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂			1	86864	2562
Triphylite ()*	Olivine	LiFe²⁺(PO₄)			1	86877	313
Tungstite ()*	Tungstite	WO₃·H₂O			1	86872	118
Vanadinite ()*	Apatite	Pb₅(VO₄)₃Cl	545	533	1	86852	605
Wulfenite ()*	Scheelite	PbMoO₄	545	533	8	86840,86844,86847,86848,86850,86851,86856,86872	1655
Xenotime-(Y) ()*	Zircon	Y(PO₄)	1000	541	1	86870	939
Zircon ()*	Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)	758	746	2	86831,86870	5251
Zirconolite ()*	Zirconolite	(Ca,Y)Zr(Ti,Mg,Al)₂O₇	1000	541	1	86870	140

Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:

Age ID	Locality Notes
Jen_0000976	MAGMATIC STYLE: Dykes over an area of 13x8 km.. ASSOCIATED SILICATE ROCKS: Quartz syenite, nepheline syenite and felsic dykes.
Jen_0000977	MAGMATIC STYLE: Dykes over an area of 13x8 km.. ASSOCIATED SILICATE ROCKS: Quartz syenite, nepheline syenite and felsic dykes.
Jen_0000978	MAGMATIC STYLE: Network of dykes, up to 50 m thick, and veins in an area of 10x10 km. ASSOCIATED SILICATE ROCKS: Foid syenite and lamprophyre.

11 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel ID	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	Age as listed in reference	Dating Method	Age Interpret	Sample Source	Dated Mineral	MinDat Locality ID	Dated Locality (Max Age)	Location as listed in reference	Reference	Reference DOI	Reference ID	Age Notes
Jen_0000978	749	749	749	K-Ar		biotite		205220	Sodalite Mine, Orotumba, Swartbooisdrif, Epupa, Kunene Region, Namibia	Swartbooisdrif	Woolley and Kjarsgaard (2008)	10.4095/225115	GSCOF5796
Bradley_2012_121	545	533	539±6	U/Pb		zircon	Zircon	30243	Kaokoveld Plateau, Kunene Region, Namibia	[Western Kaoko Zone]	McCauley and Bradley (2014)	10.3749/canmin.52.2.183	CM52_183
Scott-CGSN8_5-0002	510	510	510	Rb-Sr	Age of mineralization	muscovite	Muscovite	191480	Gamigab Prospect, Khorixas, Kunene Region, Namibia	Gamigab prospect	Steven et al. (1993)		CGSN8_5	P. 10 Table 3
CM46_861_0001	771	749	760 ± 11	U-Pb	mineralization	xenotime		158050	Lofdal-Bergville REE Deposit, Khorixas, Kunene Region, Namibia	Lofdal deposit	Wall (2008)		CM46_861
GSNC11_47_0001	758	754	756 ± 2	U-Pb	mineralization	zircon	Zircon	158050	Lofdal-Bergville REE Deposit, Khorixas, Kunene Region, Namibia	Lofdal deposit	Hoffman (1996)		GSNC11_47
Jen_0000976	746	746	746	U-Pb		zircon	Zircon	158050	Lofdal-Bergville REE Deposit, Khorixas, Kunene Region, Namibia	Oas and Lofdal	Woolley and Kjarsgaard (2008)	10.4095/225115	GSCOF5796
Jen_0000977	758	754	756±2	U-Pb		zircon	Zircon	158050	Lofdal-Bergville REE Deposit, Khorixas, Kunene Region, Namibia	Oas and Lofdal	Woolley and Kjarsgaard (2008)	10.4095/225115	GSCOF5796
ree-00479	1000	541	Late Proterozoic					158050	Lofdal-Bergville REE Deposit, Khorixas, Kunene Region, Namibia	Lofdal-Bergville	Orris and Grauch (2002)		USGSOFR02_189
ree-00476	100	100	Post-early Cretaceous					158048	Agate Mountain, Cape Fria, Opuwo Rural, Kunene Region, Namibia	Agate Mountain	Orris and Grauch (2002)		USGSOFR02_189
sedexmvt-00188	650	650	?650 Ma (geological relations)	geological relations				247178	Tsongoari Area (Tsongoari–Omupokko Pb-Cu-Ba-Zn-Ag Prospects), Sesfontein, Kunene Region, Namibia	Tsongoari	Taylor et al. (2009)		USGSOFR2009_1297
sedznpb-00342	1000	541	Neoproterozoic					247178	Tsongoari Area (Tsongoari–Omupokko Pb-Cu-Ba-Zn-Ag Prospects), Sesfontein, Kunene Region, Namibia	Tsongoari	Singer et al. (2009)		USGSOFR2009-1252

Sample	Source Locality	Reference URL
FKM-199	Kaokoveld Plateau, Kunene Region, Namibia	https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-176-to-fkm-200/#FKM-199
R060782	Damaraland, Khorixas, Kunene Region, Namibia	https://rruff.info/R060782

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...