Mineral Evolution Database

Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.

Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.

Locality Name:
N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa

Oldest recorded age at locality: 2400
Youngest recorded age at locality: 1010

mindat Locality ID: 3068
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-3068.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa": 0
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 0

Latitude: 27°8'7"S
Longitude: 22°52'13"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -27.135277777778,22.870277777778

A	This mineral is Anthropogenic.
G	This mineral is directly dated.
B	This mineral is reported as having this age.
Y	This mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
O	This mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
R	The age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
P	The age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
	This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

Apophyllite	Aragonite	Arsenoclasite	Baryte	Bixbyite	Braunite	Brucite	Calcite	Chalcopyrite	Clay
Corundum	Diaspore	Ettringite	Garnet	Gypsum	Hydrotalcite	Lepidocrocite	Malachite	Marcasite	Milarite
None	Pyrite	Pyrosmalite	Quartz	Rocksalt	Ruizite	Rutile	Serpentine	Spinel	Spurrite-Afwillite
Vesuvianite	Wollastonite	Woodwardite

Afwillite ()*	Andradite ()*	Aragonite ()*	Baryte ()*	Bixbyite ()*
Braunite ()*	Brucite ()*	Bultfonteinite ()*	Bustamite ()*	Calcite ()*
Caryopilite ()*	Celestine ()*	Chalcopyrite ()*	Creedite ()*	Ettringite ()*
Friedelite ()*	Gageite ()*	Galena ()*	Gatehouseite ()*	Gaudefroyite ()*
Gowerite ()*	Groutite ()*	Gypsum ()*	Hausmannite ()*	Hematite ()*
Henritermierite ()*	Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) ()*	Inesite ()*	Jouravskite ()*	Kutnohorite ()*
Lepidocrocite ()*	Malachite ()*	Manganite ()*	Marcasite ()*	Oyelite ()*
Poldervaartite ()*	Portlandite ()*	Pyrite ()*	Pyrochroite ()*	Quartz ()*
Rhodochrosite ()*	Ruizite ()*	Shigaite ()*	Sturmanite ()*	Sugilite ()*
Thaumasite ()*	Vesuvianite ()*

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Al B Ba C Ca Cu F Fe H K Li Mg Mn Na O P Pb S Si Sr

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: Al B Ba C Ca Cu F Fe H K Li Mg Mn Na O P Pb S Si Sr

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality:
Apophyllite Aragonite Arsenoclasite Baryte Bixbyite Braunite Brucite Calcite Chalcopyrite Clay
Corundum Diaspore Ettringite Garnet Gypsum Hydrotalcite Lepidocrocite Malachite Marcasite Milarite
None Pyrite Pyrosmalite Quartz Rocksalt Ruizite Rutile Serpentine Spinel Spurrite-Afwillite
Vesuvianite Wollastonite Woodwardite

47 IMA Minerals at location:

Mineral name	Structural Groups	IMA Formula	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	# of localities containing mineral
Afwillite ()*	Spurrite-Afwillite	Ca₃[SiO₄][SiO₂(OH)₂]·2H₂O	2400	1010	41
Andradite ()*	Garnet	Ca₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃	2400	1010	1534
Aragonite ()*	Aragonite	Ca(CO₃)	2400	1010	3250
Baryte ()*	Baryte	Ba(SO₄)	2400	1010	11547
Bixbyite ()*	Bixbyite	Mn³⁺₂O₃	2400	1042.2	104
Braunite ()*	Braunite	Mn²⁺Mn³⁺₆O₈(SiO₄)	2400	1042.2	483
Brucite ()*	Brucite	Mg(OH)₂	2400	1010	462
Bultfonteinite ()*	Spurrite-Afwillite	Ca₂SiO₃(OH)F·H₂O	2400	1010	20
Bustamite ()*	Wollastonite	Mn₂Ca₂MnCa(Si₃O₉)₂	2400	1042.2	101
Calcite ()*	Calcite	Ca(CO₃)	2400	1010	27770
Caryopilite ()*	Clay Serpentine	Mn²⁺₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄	2400	1042.2	83
Celestine ()*	Baryte	Sr(SO₄)	2400	1010	1252
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	2400	1010	27198
Creedite ()*	None	Ca₃Al₂(SO₄)(OH)₂F₈·2H₂O	2400	1010	48
Ettringite ()*	Ettringite	Ca₆Al₂(SO₄)₃(OH)₁₂·27H₂O	2400	1010	93
Friedelite ()*	Pyrosmalite Clay	Mn²⁺₈Si₆O₁₅(OH)₁₀	2400	1042.2	40
Gageite ()*	None	Mn²⁺₂₁Si₈O₂₇(OH)₂₀	2400	1042.2	14
Galena ()*	Rocksalt	PbS	2400	1010	24243
Gatehouseite ()*	Arsenoclasite	Mn²⁺₅(PO₄)₂(OH)₄	2400	1042.2	2
Gaudefroyite ()*	None	Ca₄Mn³⁺₃(BO₃)₃(CO₃)O₃	2400	1042.2	5
Gowerite ()*	None	Ca[B₅O₈(OH)][B(OH)₃]·3H₂O	2400	1010	13
Groutite ()*	Diaspore	Mn³⁺O(OH)	2400	1042.2	72
Gypsum ()*	Gypsum	Ca(SO₄)·2H₂O	2400	1010	6890
Hausmannite ()*	Spinel	Mn²⁺Mn³⁺₂O₄	2400	1042.2	350
Hematite ()*	Corundum	Fe₂O₃	2400	1010	14640
Henritermierite ()*	Garnet	Ca₃Mn³⁺₂(SiO₄)₂(OH)₄	2400	1042.2	4
Hydroxyapophyllite-(K) ()*	Apophyllite	KCa₄Si₈O₂₀(OH,F)·8H₂O	2400	1010	85
Inesite ()*	None	Ca₂Mn²⁺₇Si₁₀O₂₈(OH)₂·5H₂O	2400	1042.2	50
Jouravskite ()*	Ettringite	Ca₃Mn⁴⁺(SO₄)(CO₃)(OH)₆·12H₂O	2400	1042.2	6
Kutnohorite ()*	None	CaMn²⁺(CO₃)₂	2400	1042.2	234
Lepidocrocite ()*	Lepidocrocite	Fe³⁺O(OH)	2400	1010	581
Malachite ()*	Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂	2400	1010	12537
Manganite ()*	Rutile	Mn³⁺O(OH)	2400	1042.2	770
Marcasite ()*	Marcasite	FeS₂	2400	1010	5674
Oyelite ()*	None	Ca₅BSi₄O₁₃(OH)₃·4H₂O	2400	1010	7
Poldervaartite ()*	None	Ca(Ca,Mn)(SiO₃OH)(OH)	2400	1042.2	2
Portlandite ()*	Brucite	Ca(OH)₂	2400	1010	51
Pyrite ()*	Pyrite	FeS₂	2400	1010	39462
Pyrochroite ()*	Brucite	Mn²⁺(OH)₂	2400	1042.2	56
Quartz ()*	Quartz	SiO₂	2400	1010	61156
Rhodochrosite ()*	Calcite	Mn(CO₃)	2400	1042.2	1711
Ruizite ()*	Ruizite	Ca₂Mn³⁺₂Si₄O₁₁(OH)₄·2H₂O	2400	1042.2	6
Shigaite ()*	Woodwardite Hydrotalcite	Mn₆Al₃(OH)₁₈[Na(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂·6H₂O	2400	1042.2	7
Sturmanite ()*	Ettringite	Ca₆Fe³⁺₂(SO₄)_2.5[B(OH)₄](OH)₁₂·25H₂O	2400	1010	6
Sugilite ()*	Milarite	KNa₂Fe³⁺₂(Li₃Si₁₂)O₃₀	1054	1042.2	15
Thaumasite ()*	Ettringite	Ca₃Si(OH)₆(CO₃)(SO₄)·12H₂O	2400	1010	183
Vesuvianite ()*	Vesuvianite	(Ca,Na)₁₉(Al,Mg,Fe)₁₃(SiO₄)₁₀(Si₂O₇)₄(OH,F,O)₁₀	2400	1010	1395

Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:

Age ID	Locality Notes
Scott-AM88_189-0001	mine

4 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel ID	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	Age as listed in reference	Dating Method	Age Interpret	Sample Source	Age from other Locality	Dated Mineral	Minerals explicitely stated as having this age	Age applies to these Elements	MinDat Locality ID	Dated Locality (Max Age)	Location as listed in reference	Reference	Reference DOI	Reference ID	Age Notes
Scott-EPSL298_125-0001	2400	2200	2400-2200	Fe isotope	age of deposition		Yes			Mn	54254	Adams Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa	Adams Mine	Tsikos et Al. (2010)	10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.032	EPSL298_125	Within age bracket for the deposition of the Hotazel sediments
Grew_Li_2019_0050	1010	1010	1010				Yes		Lavinskyite		3071	Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa	Wessels mine, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa (type)	Cairncross and Beukes (2013)		BOOK_KMF_2013
Grew_Li_2019_0103	1010	1010	1010				Yes		Sugilite		3071	Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa	Wessels and N'Chwaning mines, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa	Gnos et al. (2003); Cairncross and Beukes (2013)
Scott-AM88_189-0001	1054	1042.2	1048.1±5.9	Ar-Ar	Age of mineral crystallization	sugilite	Yes	Sugilite		Mn	3071	Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa	Wessels Mine ( Wessel's Mine)	Gnos et al. (2003)	10.2138/am-2003-0122	AM88_189

Sample	Source Locality	Reference URL
R060253	N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa	https://rruff.info/R060253
R140275	N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa	https://rruff.info/R140275
R100162	N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa	https://rruff.info/R100162

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...