Mineral Evolution Database
Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.
Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org



The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.


Locality Name:
Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa

Oldest recorded age at locality: 2400
Youngest recorded age at locality: 1010

mindat Locality ID: 3071
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-3071.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa": 0
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 0

Latitude: 27°11'59"S
Longitude: 22°58'0"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -27.199722222222,22.966666666667
AThis mineral is Anthropogenic.
GThis mineral is directly dated.
BThis mineral is reported as having this age.
YThis mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
OThis mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
RThe age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
PThe age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Al As B Ba C Ca Cu F Fe H K Li Mg Mn Na O P Pb S Si Sr Ti Zn Zr 

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: Al As B Ba C Ca Cu F Fe H K Li Mg Mn Na O P Pb S Si Sr Ti Zn Zr 

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality: 
AdeliteAmphiboleApatiteApophylliteAragoniteBaryteBixbyiteBrauniteBruciteCalcite
ChloriteClayClinozoisiteCopperCoronaditeCorundumDiasporeEpidoteEttringiteFeldspar
GadoliniteGarnetGillespiteGypsumGyroliteHumiteHydrotalciteLawsoniteMarcasiteMelilite
MicaMilariteNatroliteNoneNorditeNot in a structural groupOlivinePectolitePlancheitePost-spinel
PyritePyrosmalitePyroxeneQuartzRhodoniteRoseliteRuiziteRutileSerpentineSphalerite
SpinelSpurrite-AfwilliteStilpnomelaneTalcThomsoniteTobermoriteVesuvianiteWollastoniteWoodwardite

121 IMA Minerals at location:
Aegirine  (*)Afwillite  (*)Åkermanite  (*)Albite  (*)Andradite  (*)
Aragonite  (*)Azurite  (*)Banalsite  (*)Baryte  (*)Bementite  (*)
Bixbyite  (*)Brandtite  (*)Braunite  (*)Brucite  (*)Bultfonteinite  (*)
Bustamite  (*)Cairncrossite  (*)Calcite  (*)Caryopilite  (*)Celestine  (*)
Chamosite  (*)Clinochlore  (*)Clinotobermorite  (*)Clinozoisite  (*)Colinowensite  (*)
Copper  (*)Cryptomelane  (*)Cyprine  (*)Datolite  (*)Diaspore  (*)
Diegogattaite  (*)Diopside  (*)Effenbergerite  (*)Ephesite  (*)Epidote  (*)
Ettringite  (*)Feitknechtite  (*)Ferrobustamite  (*)Fluorapatite  (*)Foshagite  (*)
Friedelite  (*)Gageite  (*)Gaudefroyite  (*)Glaucochroite  (*)Goethite  (*)
Gonyerite  (*)Gowerite  (*)Grossular  (*)Groutite  (*)Gypsum  (*)
Hausmannite  (*)Hematite  (*)Hennomartinite  (*)Henritermierite  (*)Holtstamite  (*)
Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)  (*)Inesite  (*)Jacobsite  (*)Jennite  (*)Johannsenite  (*)
Kentrolite  (*)Kirschsteinite  (*)Kutnohorite  (*)Lavinskyite  (*)Leucophoenicite  (*)
Lizardite  (*)Magnesio-arfvedsonite  (*)Manganite  (*)Manganvesuvianite  (*)Marcasite  (*)
Marokite  (*)Meieranite  (*)Minnesotaite  (*)Mozartite  (*)Natrolite  (*)
Nchwaningite  (*)Neltnerite  (*)Norrishite  (*)Olmiite  (*)Orientite  (*)
Orlymanite  (*)Parsettensite  (*)Pectolite  (*)Piemontite  (*)Piemontite-(Sr)  (*)
Poldervaartite  (*)Portlandite  (*)Potassic-mangani-leakeite  (*)Pyrite  (*)Pyrochroite  (*)
Pyrolusite  (*)Pyrophanite  (*)Quartz  (*)Rhodochrosite  (*)Rhodonite  (*)
Richterite  (*)Ruizite  (*)Schizolite  (*)Scottyite  (*)Serandite  (*)
Shigaite  (*)Sogdianite  (*)Sphalerite  (*)Strontianite  (*)Sturmanite  (*)
Sugilite  (*)Taikanite  (*)Tephroite  (*)Tetraferriannite  (*)Thaumasite  (*)
Thomsonite-Ca  (*)Tobermorite  (*)Tweddillite  (*)Vaterite  (*)Vesuvianite  (*)
Vonbezingite  (*)Vuagnatite  (*)Wesselsite  (*)Wollastonite  (*)Xonotlite  (*)
Zoisite  (*)
Mineral nameStructural GroupsIMA FormulaMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)# of Sublocalities containing mineralLOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids# of localities containing mineral
Aegirine  (*)PyroxeneNaFe3+Si2O61054101001022
Afwillite  (*)Spurrite-AfwilliteCa3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2]·2H2O10541010041
Åkermanite  (*)MeliliteCa2MgSi2O710541010050
Albite  (*)FeldsparNa(AlSi3O8)1054101008803
Andradite  (*)GarnetCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)31054101001534
Aragonite  (*)AragoniteCa(CO3)1054101003250
Azurite  (*)Not in a structural groupCu3(CO3)2(OH)21054101005509
Banalsite  (*)NoneNa2BaAl4Si4O1610541010022
Baryte  (*)BaryteBa(SO4)10541010011547
Bementite  (*)ClayMn7Si6O15(OH)810541042.20173
Bixbyite  (*)BixbyiteMn3+2O310541042.20104
Brandtite  (*)RoseliteCa2Mn2+(AsO4)2·2H2O10541042.2018
Braunite  (*)BrauniteMn2+Mn3+6O8(SiO4)10541042.20483
Brucite  (*)BruciteMg(OH)2105410100462
Bultfonteinite  (*)Spurrite-AfwilliteCa2SiO3(OH)F·H2O10541010020
Bustamite  (*)WollastoniteMn2Ca2MnCa(Si3O9)210541042.20101
Cairncrossite  (*)GyroliteSr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x1054101001
Calcite  (*)CalciteCa(CO3)10541010027770
Caryopilite  (*)Clay SerpentineMn2+3Si2O5(OH)410541042.2083
Celestine  (*)BaryteSr(SO4)1054101001252
Chamosite  (*)Chlorite Clay(Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8105410100577
Clinochlore  (*)Chlorite ClayMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)81054101001756
Clinotobermorite  (*)TobermoriteCa4Si6O17(H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)1054101006
Clinozoisite  (*)Clinozoisite EpidoteCa2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)1054101001025
Colinowensite  (*)Not in a structural groupBaCuSi2O61054101001
Copper  (*)CopperCu1054101003846
Cryptomelane  (*)CoronaditeK(Mn4+7Mn3+)O1610541042.20599
Cyprine  (*)VesuvianiteCa19Cu2+(Al,Mg)12Si18O69(OH)91054101003
Datolite  (*)GadoliniteCaB(SiO4)(OH)105410100498
Diaspore  (*)DiasporeAlO(OH)105410100481
Diegogattaite  (*)Not in a structural groupNa2CaCu2Si8O20·H2O1054101001
Diopside  (*)PyroxeneCaMgSi2O61054101004135
Effenbergerite  (*)GillespiteBaCuSi4O101054101001
Ephesite  (*)MicaNaLiAl2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)210541010021
Epidote  (*)Epidote ClinozoisiteCa2(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)1054101008173
Ettringite  (*)EttringiteCa6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·27H2O10541010093
Feitknechtite  (*)NoneMn3+O(OH)10541042.2019
Ferrobustamite  (*)WollastoniteCaFe2+Si2O610541010022
Fluorapatite  (*)ApatiteCa5(PO4)3F1054101002740
Foshagite  (*)NoneCa4(SiO3)3(OH)210541010019
Friedelite  (*)Pyrosmalite ClayMn2+8Si6O15(OH)1010541042.2040
Gageite  (*)NoneMn2+21Si8O27(OH)2010541042.2014
Gaudefroyite  (*)NoneCa4Mn3+3(BO3)3(CO3)O310541042.205
Glaucochroite  (*)OlivineCaMn2+(SiO4)10541042.207
Goethite  (*)DiasporeFeO(OH)1054101007437
Gonyerite  (*)Chlorite ClayMn2+5Fe3+(Si3Fe3+O10)(OH)810541042.2011
Gowerite  (*)NoneCa[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3]·3H2O10541010013
Grossular  (*)GarnetCa3Al2(SiO4)31054101001544
Groutite  (*)DiasporeMn3+O(OH)10541042.2072
Gypsum  (*)GypsumCa(SO4)·2H2O1054101006890
Hausmannite  (*)SpinelMn2+Mn3+2O410541042.20350
Hematite  (*)CorundumFe2O310541010014640
Hennomartinite  (*)LawsoniteSrMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O10541042.202
Henritermierite  (*)GarnetCa3Mn3+2(SiO4)2(OH)410541042.204
Holtstamite  (*)GarnetCa3Al2(SiO4)2(OH)41054101001
Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)  (*)ApophylliteKCa4Si8O20(OH,F)·8H2O10541010085
Inesite  (*)NoneCa2Mn2+7Si10O28(OH)2·5H2O10541042.2050
Jacobsite  (*)SpinelMn2+Fe3+2O410541042.20172
Jennite  (*)NoneCa9(Si3O9)2(OH)6·8H2O10541010018
Johannsenite  (*)PyroxeneCaMnSi2O610541042.2073
Kentrolite  (*)NonePb2Mn3+2O2(Si2O7)10541042.2022
Kirschsteinite  (*)OlivineCaFe2+(SiO4)10541010033
Kutnohorite  (*)NoneCaMn2+(CO3)210541042.20234
Lavinskyite  (*)PlancheiteK(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)41010101002
Leucophoenicite  (*)HumiteMn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)210541042.2010
Lizardite  (*)Serpentine ClayMg3Si2O5(OH)4105410100359
Magnesio-arfvedsonite  (*)AmphiboleNaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)210541010079
Manganite  (*)RutileMn3+O(OH)10541042.20770
Manganvesuvianite  (*)VesuvianiteCa19Mn3+Al10Mg2(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O(OH)910541042.204
Marcasite  (*)MarcasiteFeS21054101005674
Marokite  (*)Post-spinelCaMn3+2O410541042.208
Meieranite  (*)NorditeNa2Sr3MgSi6O171054101001
Minnesotaite  (*)Clay TalcFe2+3Si4O10(OH)210541010061
Mozartite  (*)AdeliteCaMn3+(SiO4)(OH)10541042.204
Natrolite  (*)NatroliteNa2(Si3Al2)O10·2H2O1054101001236
Nchwaningite  (*)NoneMn2SiO3(OH)2·H2O10541042.202
Neltnerite  (*)BrauniteCaMn3+6O8(SiO4)10541042.208
Norrishite  (*)MicaKLiMn3+2Si4O10O21040101005
Olmiite  (*)NoneCaMn[SiO3(OH)](OH)10541042.204
Orientite  (*)NoneCa8Mn3+10(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10·4H2O10541042.208
Orlymanite  (*)GyroliteCa4Mn2+3Si8O20(OH)6·2H2O10541042.202
Parsettensite  (*)Stilpnomelane Clay(K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50·nH2O10541042.2043
Pectolite  (*)PectoliteNaCa2Si3O8(OH)105410100363
Piemontite  (*)EpidoteCa2(Al2Mn3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)10541042.20260
Piemontite-(Sr)  (*)Clinozoisite EpidoteCaSr(Al2Mn3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)10541042.2012
Poldervaartite  (*)NoneCa(Ca,Mn)(SiO3OH)(OH)10541042.202
Portlandite  (*)BruciteCa(OH)210541010051
Potassic-mangani-leakeite  (*)AmphiboleKNa2(Mg2Mn3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)210541042.202
Pyrite  (*)PyriteFeS210541010039462
Pyrochroite  (*)BruciteMn2+(OH)210541042.2056
Pyrolusite  (*)RutileMnO210541042.203106
Pyrophanite  (*)CorundumMn2+TiO310541042.20244
Quartz  (*)QuartzSiO210541010061156
Rhodochrosite  (*)CalciteMn(CO3)10541042.201711
Rhodonite  (*)RhodoniteCaMn3Mn(Si5O15)10541042.20969
Richterite  (*)AmphiboleNa(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2105410100148
Ruizite  (*)RuiziteCa2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O10541042.206
Schizolite  (*)PectoliteNaCaMnSi3O8(OH)10541042.2010
Scottyite  (*)Not in a structural groupBaCu2Si2O71054101005
Serandite  (*)PectoliteNaMn2+2Si3O8(OH)10541042.2038
Shigaite  (*)Woodwardite HydrotalciteMn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O10541042.207
Sogdianite  (*)MilariteKZr2Li3Si12O301054101003
Sphalerite  (*)SphaleriteZnS10541010021482
Strontianite  (*)AragoniteSr(CO3)105410100589
Sturmanite  (*)EttringiteCa6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12·25H2O1054101006
Sugilite  (*)MilariteKNa2Fe3+2(Li3Si12)O3010541042.2015
Taikanite  (*)NoneBaSr2Mn3+2O2(Si4O12)10541042.203
Tephroite  (*)OlivineMn2+2(SiO4)10541042.20240
Tetraferriannite  (*)MicaKFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)210541010010
Thaumasite  (*)EttringiteCa3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O105410100183
Thomsonite-Ca  (*)ThomsoniteNaCa2(Al5Si5)O20·6H2O105410100452
Tobermorite  (*)TobermoriteCa4Si6O17(H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)105410100114
Tweddillite  (*)Clinozoisite EpidoteCaSrMn3+2Al(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)10541042.204
Vaterite  (*)NoneCa(CO3)10541010037
Vesuvianite  (*)Vesuvianite(Ca,Na)19(Al,Mg,Fe)13(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4(OH,F,O)101054101001395
Vonbezingite  (*)NoneCa6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12·2H2O1054101001
Vuagnatite  (*)AdeliteCaAlSiO4(OH)10541010014
Wesselsite  (*)GillespiteSrCuSi4O101054101001
Wollastonite  (*)WollastoniteCaSiO31054101001247
Xonotlite  (*)NoneCa6Si6O17(OH)2105410100109
Zoisite  (*)EpidoteCa2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)1054101001025


Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:
Age IDLocality Notes
Scott-AM88_189-0001mine


5 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel IDMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)Age as listed in referenceDating MethodAge InterpretPrioritized?Sample SourceSample NumRun NumAge from other LocalityDated MineralMinerals explicitely stated as having this ageAge applies to these ElementsMinDat Locality IDDated Locality (Max Age)Location as listed in referenceReferenceReference DOIReference IDAge Notes
Scott-EPSL298_125-0001240022002400-2200Fe isotopeage of deposition   Yes Mn54254Adams Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaAdams MineTsikos et Al. (2010)10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.032EPSL298_125Within age bracket for the deposition of the Hotazel sediments
Alexandra-0130104010101040-1010Ar-ArAge of mineral crystallizationnorrishite   Norrishite  3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels Mine ( Wessel's Mine)Gnos et al. (2003)10.2138/am-2003-0122AM88_189 
Grew_Li_2019_0050101010101010      Lavinskyite 3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels mine, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa (type)Cairncross and Beukes (2013) BOOK_KMF_2013 
Grew_Li_2019_0103101010101010      Sugilite 3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels and N'Chwaning mines, Kalahari manganese field, South AfricaGnos et al. (2003); Cairncross and Beukes (2013)   
Scott-AM88_189-000110541042.21048.1±5.9Ar-ArAge of mineral crystallizationsugilite   Sugilite Mn3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels Mine ( Wessel's Mine)Gnos et al. (2003)10.2138/am-2003-0122AM88_189 

SampleSource LocalityReference URL
R150126Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R150126
R120156Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120156
R120088Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120088
R070471Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070471
R050675Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R050675
R130039Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R130039
R130713Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R130713
R150013Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R150013
R110012Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R110012
R120057Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120057
R141115Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R141115
R070269Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070269
R060379Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R060379
R120109Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120109
R141210Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R141210
R140947Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R140947
R070265Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070265
R130089Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R130089
R080080Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R080080
R130787Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R130787
R120077Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120077
R141116Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R141116
R070623Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070623
R120125Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120125
R120019Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120019

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

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