Mineral Evolution Database
Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.
Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org



The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.


Locality Name:
Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa

Oldest recorded age at locality: 2400
Youngest recorded age at locality: 1010

mindat Locality ID: 43342
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-43342.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa": 3
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 3

Number of Child Localities: 3
Child Localities:
Annex Langdon Mine (Langdon Annex Mine)
Hotazel Mine
Wessels Mine

Latitude: 27°12'3"S
Longitude: 22°58'6"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -27.200833333333,22.968333333333
AThis mineral is Anthropogenic.
GThis mineral is directly dated.
BThis mineral is reported as having this age.
YThis mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
OThis mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
RThe age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
PThe age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Al As B Ba C Ca Cu F Fe H K Li Mg Mn Na O P Pb S Si Sr Ti Zn Zr 

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: 

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality: 
AdeliteAmorphousAmphiboleApatiteApophylliteAragoniteBaryteBixbyiteBrauniteBrucite
CalciteChloriteClayClinozoisiteCopperCoronaditeCorundumDiasporeEpidoteEttringite
FeldsparGadoliniteGarnetGillespiteGypsumGyroliteHumiteHydrotalciteLawsoniteLepidocrocite
MarcasiteMeliliteMicaMilariteNatroliteNoneNorditeNot in a structural groupOlivinePectolite
PlancheitePost-spinelPyritePyrosmalitePyroxeneQuartzRamsdelliteRhodoniteRoseliteRuizite
RutileSerpentineSphaleriteSpinelSpurrite-AfwilliteStilpnomelaneTalcThomsoniteTobermoriteVesuvianite
WollastoniteWoodwardite

132 IMA Minerals at location:
Aegirine  (*)Afwillite  (*)Åkermanite  (*)Albite  (*)Andradite  (*)
Aragonite  (*)Azurite  (*)Banalsite  (*)Baryte  (*)Bementite  (*)
Birnessite  (*)Bixbyite  (*)Brandtite  (*)Braunite  (*)Brucite  (*)
Bultfonteinite  (*)Bustamite  (*)Cairncrossite  (*)Calcite  (*)Caryopilite  (*)
Celestine  (*)Chalcophanite  (*)Chamosite  (*)Clinochlore  (*)Clinotobermorite  (*)
Clinozoisite  (*)Colinowensite  (*)Copper  (*)Cryptomelane  (*)Cymrite  (*)
Cyprine  (*)Datolite  (*)Diaspore  (*)Diegogattaite  (*)Diopside  (*)
Effenbergerite  (*)Ephesite  (*)Epidote  (*)Ettringite  (*)Feitknechtite  (*)
Ferrobustamite  (*)Fluorapatite  (*)Foshagite  (*)Friedelite  (*)Gageite  (*)
Gaudefroyite  (*)Glaucochroite  (*)Goethite  (*)Gonyerite  (*)Gowerite  (*)
Grossular  (*)Groutite  (*)Gypsum  (*)Hausmannite  (*)Hematite  (*)
Hennomartinite  (*)Henritermierite  (*)Hollandite  (*)Holtstamite  (*)Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)  (*)
Inesite  (*)Jacobsite  (*)Jennite  (*)Johannsenite  (*)Kentrolite  (*)
Kirschsteinite  (*)Kutnohorite  (*)Lavinskyite  (*)Lepidocrocite  (*)Leucophoenicite  (*)
Lizardite  (*)Magnesio-arfvedsonite  (*)Manganite  (*)Manganvesuvianite  (*)Marcasite  (*)
Marokite  (*)Meieranite  (*)Minnesotaite  (*)Mozartite  (*)Natrolite  (*)
Nchwaningite  (*)Neltnerite  (*)Norrishite  (*)Nsutite  (*)Olmiite  (*)
Opal  (*)Orientite  (*)Orlymanite  (*)Parsettensite  (*)Pectolite  (*)
Piemontite  (*)Piemontite-(Sr)  (*)Poldervaartite  (*)Portlandite  (*)Potassic-mangani-leakeite  (*)
Pyrite  (*)Pyrochroite  (*)Pyrolusite  (*)Pyrophanite  (*)Quartz  (*)
Ramsdellite  (*)Ranciéite  (*)Rhodochrosite  (*)Rhodonite  (*)Richterite  (*)
Ruizite  (*)Schizolite  (*)Scottyite  (*)Serandite  (*)Shigaite  (*)
Sogdianite  (*)Sphalerite  (*)Strontianite  (*)Sturmanite  (*)Sugilite  (*)
Sussexite  (*)Taikanite  (*)Tephroite  (*)Tetraferriannite  (*)Thaumasite  (*)
Thomsonite-Ca  (*)Tobermorite  (*)Todorokite  (*)Tweddillite  (*)Vaterite  (*)
Vesuvianite  (*)Vonbezingite  (*)Vuagnatite  (*)Wesselsite  (*)Wollastonite  (*)
Xonotlite  (*)Zoisite  (*)
Mineral nameStructural GroupsIMA FormulaMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)# of Sublocalities containing mineralLOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids# of localities containing mineral
Aegirine  (*)PyroxeneNaFe3+Si2O61054101011070341022
Afwillite  (*)Spurrite-AfwilliteCa3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2]·2H2O10541010110703441
Åkermanite  (*)MeliliteCa2MgSi2O710541010110703450
Albite  (*)FeldsparNa(AlSi3O8)1054101011070348803
Andradite  (*)GarnetCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)31054101011070341534
Aragonite  (*)AragoniteCa(CO3)1054101011070343250
Azurite  (*)Not in a structural groupCu3(CO3)2(OH)21054101011070345509
Banalsite  (*)NoneNa2BaAl4Si4O1610541010110703422
Baryte  (*)BaryteBa(SO4)240010103107032,107033,10703411547
Bementite  (*)ClayMn7Si6O15(OH)810541042.21107034173
Birnessite  (*)None(Na,Ca,K)0.6(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4·1.5H2O24001042.21107033178
Bixbyite  (*)BixbyiteMn3+2O324001042.22107033,107034104
Brandtite  (*)RoseliteCa2Mn2+(AsO4)2·2H2O10541042.2110703418
Braunite  (*)BrauniteMn2+Mn3+6O8(SiO4)24001042.22107033,107034483
Brucite  (*)BruciteMg(OH)2105410101107034462
Bultfonteinite  (*)Spurrite-AfwilliteCa2SiO3(OH)F·H2O10541010110703420
Bustamite  (*)WollastoniteMn2Ca2MnCa(Si3O9)210541042.21107034101
Cairncrossite  (*)GyroliteSr2Ca7-xNa2x(Si4O10)4(OH)2(H2O)15-x1054101011070341
Calcite  (*)CalciteCa(CO3)240010103107032,107033,10703427770
Caryopilite  (*)Clay SerpentineMn2+3Si2O5(OH)410541042.2110703483
Celestine  (*)BaryteSr(SO4)1054101011070341252
Chalcophanite  (*)NoneZnMn4+3O7·3H2O24001042.21107033197
Chamosite  (*)Chlorite Clay(Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8105410101107034577
Clinochlore  (*)Chlorite ClayMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)81054101011070341756
Clinotobermorite  (*)TobermoriteCa4Si6O17(H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)1054101011070346
Clinozoisite  (*)Clinozoisite EpidoteCa2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)1054101011070341025
Colinowensite  (*)Not in a structural groupBaCuSi2O61054101011070341
Copper  (*)CopperCu1054101011070343846
Cryptomelane  (*)CoronaditeK(Mn4+7Mn3+)O1624001042.23107032,107033,107034599
Cymrite  (*)NoneBa(Si,Al)4(O,OH)8·H2O24001010110703346
Cyprine  (*)VesuvianiteCa19Cu2+(Al,Mg)12Si18O69(OH)91054101011070343
Datolite  (*)GadoliniteCaB(SiO4)(OH)105410101107034498
Diaspore  (*)DiasporeAlO(OH)105410101107034481
Diegogattaite  (*)Not in a structural groupNa2CaCu2Si8O20·H2O1054101011070341
Diopside  (*)PyroxeneCaMgSi2O61054101011070344135
Effenbergerite  (*)GillespiteBaCuSi4O101054101011070341
Ephesite  (*)MicaNaLiAl2(Si2Al2)O10(OH)210541010110703421
Epidote  (*)Epidote ClinozoisiteCa2(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)240010102107033,1070348173
Ettringite  (*)EttringiteCa6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·27H2O10541010110703493
Feitknechtite  (*)NoneMn3+O(OH)10541042.2110703419
Ferrobustamite  (*)WollastoniteCaFe2+Si2O610541010110703422
Fluorapatite  (*)ApatiteCa5(PO4)3F1054101011070342740
Foshagite  (*)NoneCa4(SiO3)3(OH)210541010110703419
Friedelite  (*)Pyrosmalite ClayMn2+8Si6O15(OH)1010541042.2110703440
Gageite  (*)NoneMn2+21Si8O27(OH)2010541042.2110703414
Gaudefroyite  (*)NoneCa4Mn3+3(BO3)3(CO3)O310541042.211070345
Glaucochroite  (*)OlivineCaMn2+(SiO4)10541042.211070347
Goethite  (*)DiasporeFeO(OH)1054101011070347437
Gonyerite  (*)Chlorite ClayMn2+5Fe3+(Si3Fe3+O10)(OH)810541042.2110703411
Gowerite  (*)NoneCa[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3]·3H2O10541010110703413
Grossular  (*)GarnetCa3Al2(SiO4)31054101011070341544
Groutite  (*)DiasporeMn3+O(OH)10541042.2110703472
Gypsum  (*)GypsumCa(SO4)·2H2O240010103107032,107033,1070346890
Hausmannite  (*)SpinelMn2+Mn3+2O424001042.22107033,107034350
Hematite  (*)CorundumFe2O310541010110703414640
Hennomartinite  (*)LawsoniteSrMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2·H2O10541042.211070342
Henritermierite  (*)GarnetCa3Mn3+2(SiO4)2(OH)410541042.211070344
Hollandite  (*)CoronaditeBa(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O1624001042.21107033243
Holtstamite  (*)GarnetCa3Al2(SiO4)2(OH)41054101011070341
Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)  (*)ApophylliteKCa4Si8O20(OH,F)·8H2O10541010110703485
Inesite  (*)NoneCa2Mn2+7Si10O28(OH)2·5H2O10541042.2110703450
Jacobsite  (*)SpinelMn2+Fe3+2O424001042.22107033,107034172
Jennite  (*)NoneCa9(Si3O9)2(OH)6·8H2O10541010110703418
Johannsenite  (*)PyroxeneCaMnSi2O610541042.2110703473
Kentrolite  (*)NonePb2Mn3+2O2(Si2O7)10541042.2110703422
Kirschsteinite  (*)OlivineCaFe2+(SiO4)10541010110703433
Kutnohorite  (*)NoneCaMn2+(CO3)210541042.21107034234
Lavinskyite  (*)PlancheiteK(LiCu)Cu6(Si4O11)2(OH)41010101011070342
Lepidocrocite  (*)LepidocrociteFe3+O(OH)240010101107033581
Leucophoenicite  (*)HumiteMn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)210541042.2110703410
Lizardite  (*)Serpentine ClayMg3Si2O5(OH)4105410101107034359
Magnesio-arfvedsonite  (*)AmphiboleNaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)210541010110703479
Manganite  (*)RutileMn3+O(OH)24001042.22107033,107034770
Manganvesuvianite  (*)VesuvianiteCa19Mn3+Al10Mg2(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O(OH)910541042.211070344
Marcasite  (*)MarcasiteFeS21054101011070345674
Marokite  (*)Post-spinelCaMn3+2O410541042.211070348
Meieranite  (*)NorditeNa2Sr3MgSi6O171054101011070341
Minnesotaite  (*)Clay TalcFe2+3Si4O10(OH)210541010110703461
Mozartite  (*)AdeliteCaMn3+(SiO4)(OH)10541042.211070344
Natrolite  (*)NatroliteNa2(Si3Al2)O10·2H2O1054101011070341236
Nchwaningite  (*)NoneMn2SiO3(OH)2·H2O10541042.211070342
Neltnerite  (*)BrauniteCaMn3+6O8(SiO4)10541042.211070348
Norrishite  (*)MicaKLiMn3+2Si4O10O21040101011070345
Nsutite  (*)RamsdelliteMn2+xMn4+1-xO2-2x(OH)2x24001042.21107033121
Olmiite  (*)NoneCaMn[SiO3(OH)](OH)10541042.211070344
Opal  (*)AmorphousSiO2·nH2O2400101011070332994
Orientite  (*)NoneCa8Mn3+10(SiO4)3(Si3O10)3(OH)10·4H2O10541042.211070348
Orlymanite  (*)GyroliteCa4Mn2+3Si8O20(OH)6·2H2O10541042.211070342
Parsettensite  (*)Stilpnomelane Clay(K,Na,Ca)7.5(Mn,Mg)49Si72O168(OH)50·nH2O10541042.2110703443
Pectolite  (*)PectoliteNaCa2Si3O8(OH)105410101107034363
Piemontite  (*)EpidoteCa2(Al2Mn3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)24001042.22107033,107034260
Piemontite-(Sr)  (*)Clinozoisite EpidoteCaSr(Al2Mn3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)10541042.2110703412
Poldervaartite  (*)NoneCa(Ca,Mn)(SiO3OH)(OH)10541042.211070342
Portlandite  (*)BruciteCa(OH)210541010110703451
Potassic-mangani-leakeite  (*)AmphiboleKNa2(Mg2Mn3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)210541042.211070342
Pyrite  (*)PyriteFeS210541010110703439462
Pyrochroite  (*)BruciteMn2+(OH)210541042.2110703456
Pyrolusite  (*)RutileMnO224001042.22107032,1070343106
Pyrophanite  (*)CorundumMn2+TiO310541042.21107034244
Quartz  (*)QuartzSiO2240010103107032,107033,10703461156
Ramsdellite  (*)RamsdelliteMnO224001042.2110703388
Ranciéite  (*)None(Ca,Mn2+)0.2(Mn4+,Mn3+)O2·0.6H2O24001042.21107033177
Rhodochrosite  (*)CalciteMn(CO3)24001042.22107033,1070341711
Rhodonite  (*)RhodoniteCaMn3Mn(Si5O15)10541042.21107034969
Richterite  (*)AmphiboleNa(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2105410101107034148
Ruizite  (*)RuiziteCa2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O10541042.211070346
Schizolite  (*)PectoliteNaCaMnSi3O8(OH)10541042.2110703410
Scottyite  (*)Not in a structural groupBaCu2Si2O71054101011070345
Serandite  (*)PectoliteNaMn2+2Si3O8(OH)10541042.2110703438
Shigaite  (*)Woodwardite HydrotalciteMn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O10541042.211070347
Sogdianite  (*)MilariteKZr2Li3Si12O301054101011070343
Sphalerite  (*)SphaleriteZnS10541010110703421482
Strontianite  (*)AragoniteSr(CO3)105410101107034589
Sturmanite  (*)EttringiteCa6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12·25H2O1054101011070346
Sugilite  (*)MilariteKNa2Fe3+2(Li3Si12)O3010541042.2110703415
Sussexite  (*)NoneMn2+BO2(OH)24001042.2110703325
Taikanite  (*)NoneBaSr2Mn3+2O2(Si4O12)10541042.211070343
Tephroite  (*)OlivineMn2+2(SiO4)10541042.21107034240
Tetraferriannite  (*)MicaKFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)210541010110703410
Thaumasite  (*)EttringiteCa3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O105410101107034183
Thomsonite-Ca  (*)ThomsoniteNaCa2(Al5Si5)O20·6H2O105410101107034452
Tobermorite  (*)TobermoriteCa4Si6O17(H2O)2·(Ca·3H2O)105410101107034114
Todorokite  (*)None(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12·3-4H2O24001042.22107032,107033433
Tweddillite  (*)Clinozoisite EpidoteCaSrMn3+2Al(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)10541042.211070344
Vaterite  (*)NoneCa(CO3)10541010110703437
Vesuvianite  (*)Vesuvianite(Ca,Na)19(Al,Mg,Fe)13(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4(OH,F,O)101054101011070341395
Vonbezingite  (*)NoneCa6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12·2H2O1054101011070341
Vuagnatite  (*)AdeliteCaAlSiO4(OH)10541010110703414
Wesselsite  (*)GillespiteSrCuSi4O101054101011070341
Wollastonite  (*)WollastoniteCaSiO31054101011070341247
Xonotlite  (*)NoneCa6Si6O17(OH)2105410101107034109
Zoisite  (*)EpidoteCa2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)1054101011070341025


Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:
Age IDLocality Notes
Scott-AM88_189-0001mine


5 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel IDMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)Age as listed in referenceDating MethodAge InterpretPrioritized?Sample SourceSample NumRun NumAge from other LocalityDated MineralMinerals explicitely stated as having this ageAge applies to these ElementsMinDat Locality IDDated Locality (Max Age)Location as listed in referenceReferenceReference DOIReference IDAge Notes
Scott-EPSL298_125-0001240022002400-2200Fe isotopeage of deposition   Yes Mn54254Adams Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaAdams MineTsikos et Al. (2010)10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.032EPSL298_125Within age bracket for the deposition of the Hotazel sediments
Alexandra-0130104010101040-1010Ar-ArAge of mineral crystallizationnorrishite   Norrishite  3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels Mine ( Wessel's Mine)Gnos et al. (2003)10.2138/am-2003-0122AM88_189 
Grew_Li_2019_0050101010101010      Lavinskyite 3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels mine, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa (type)Cairncross and Beukes (2013) BOOK_KMF_2013 
Grew_Li_2019_0103101010101010      Sugilite 3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels and N'Chwaning mines, Kalahari manganese field, South AfricaGnos et al. (2003); Cairncross and Beukes (2013)   
Scott-AM88_189-000110541042.21048.1±5.9Ar-ArAge of mineral crystallizationsugilite   Sugilite Mn3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels Mine ( Wessel's Mine)Gnos et al. (2003)10.2138/am-2003-0122AM88_189 

SampleSource LocalityReference URL
R150126Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R150126
R120156Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120156
R120088Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120088
R070471Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070471
R050675Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R050675
R130039Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R130039
R130713Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R130713
R150013Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R150013
R110012Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R110012
R120057Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120057
R141115Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R141115
R070269Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070269
R060379Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R060379
R120109Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120109
R141210Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R141210
R140947Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R140947
R070265Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070265
R130089Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R130089
R080080Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R080080
R130787Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R130787
R120077Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120077
R141116Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R141116
R070623Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070623
R120125Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120125
R120019Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120019

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

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