Mineral Evolution Database
Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.
Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org



The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.


Locality Name:
Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa

Oldest recorded age at locality: 2400
Youngest recorded age at locality: 1010

mindat Locality ID: 57254
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-57254.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africa": 4
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 3

Number of Child Localities: 1
Child Localities:
N'Chwaning Mines

Latitude: 27°8'6"S
Longitude: 22°52'1"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -27.135,22.866944444444
AThis mineral is Anthropogenic.
GThis mineral is directly dated.
BThis mineral is reported as having this age.
YThis mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
OThis mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
RThe age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
PThe age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Al B Ba C Ca Cu F Fe H Hg K Li Mg Mn Na O P Pb S Si Sr Zn 

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: 

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality: 
AdeliteAmphiboleApophylliteAragoniteArsenoclasiteBaryteBixbyiteBrauniteBruciteCalcite
ChalcopyriteChloriteClayCopperCorundumDiasporeEttringiteFleischeriteGadoliniteGarnet
GypsumGyroliteHumiteHydrotalciteLepidocrociteMalachiteMarcasiteMicaMilariteNone
Not in a structural groupOlivinePectolitePost-spinelPrehnitePyritePyrosmalitePyroxeneQuartzRocksalt
RuiziteRutileSerpentineSmectite-vermiculiteSphaleriteSpinelSpurrite-AfwilliteTobermoriteVesuvianiteWollastonite
Woodwardite

84 IMA Minerals at location:
Aegirine  (*)Afwillite  (*)Andradite  (*)Aragonite  (*)Baryte  (*)
Bementite  (*)Bixbyite  (*)Braunite  (*)Brucite  (*)Bultfonteinite  (*)
Bustamite  (*)Calcite  (*)Caryopilite  (*)Celestine  (*)Chalcopyrite  (*)
Cinnabar  (*)Clinochlore  (*)Copper  (*)Creedite  (*)Datolite  (*)
Despujolsite  (*)Diaspore  (*)Diopside  (*)Ettringite  (*)Friedelite  (*)
Gageite  (*)Galena  (*)Gatehouseite  (*)Gaudefroyite  (*)Goethite  (*)
Gonyerite  (*)Gowerite  (*)Grossular  (*)Groutite  (*)Guidottiite  (*)
Gypsum  (*)Hausmannite  (*)Hematite  (*)Henritermierite  (*)Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)  (*)
Inesite  (*)Jacobsite  (*)Jouravskite  (*)Kenotobermorite  (*)Kutnohorite  (*)
Lepidocrocite  (*)Leucophoenicite  (*)Lipuite  (*)Lizardite  (*)Malachite  (*)
Manganite  (*)Manganvesuvianite  (*)Marcasite  (*)Marokite  (*)Mozartite  (*)
Nchwaningite  (*)Olmiite  (*)Orlymanite  (*)Oyelite  (*)Pectolite  (*)
Phlogopite  (*)Poldervaartite  (*)Portlandite  (*)Prehnite  (*)Pyrite  (*)
Pyrochroite  (*)Quartz  (*)Rhodochrosite  (*)Richterite  (*)Ruizite  (*)
Saponite  (*)Schizolite  (*)Shigaite  (*)Sphalerite  (*)Strontioruizite  (*)
Sturmanite  (*)Sugilite  (*)Sussexite  (*)Taniajacoite  (*)Tephroite  (*)
Thaumasite  (*)Todorokite  (*)Vesuvianite  (*)Xonotlite  (*)
Mineral nameStructural GroupsIMA FormulaMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)# of Sublocalities containing mineralLOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids# of localities containing mineral
Aegirine  (*)PyroxeneNaFe3+Si2O62400101011070401022
Afwillite  (*)Spurrite-AfwilliteCa3[SiO4][SiO2(OH)2]·2H2O240010102107039,10704041
Andradite  (*)GarnetCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)3240010103107039,107040,1070411534
Aragonite  (*)AragoniteCa(CO3)240010102107039,1070403250
Baryte  (*)BaryteBa(SO4)240010103107039,107040,10704111547
Bementite  (*)ClayMn7Si6O15(OH)824001042.21107040173
Bixbyite  (*)BixbyiteMn3+2O324001042.22107039,107040104
Braunite  (*)BrauniteMn2+Mn3+6O8(SiO4)24001042.23107039,107040,107041483
Brucite  (*)BruciteMg(OH)2240010103107039,107040,107041462
Bultfonteinite  (*)Spurrite-AfwilliteCa2SiO3(OH)F·H2O240010102107039,10704020
Bustamite  (*)WollastoniteMn2Ca2MnCa(Si3O9)224001042.22107039,107040101
Calcite  (*)CalciteCa(CO3)240010103107039,107040,10704127770
Caryopilite  (*)Clay SerpentineMn2+3Si2O5(OH)424001042.22107039,10704083
Celestine  (*)BaryteSr(SO4)240010103107039,107040,1070411252
Chalcopyrite  (*)ChalcopyriteCuFeS224001010110703927198
Cinnabar  (*)NoneHgS2400101011070402600
Clinochlore  (*)Chlorite ClayMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)82400101011070401756
Copper  (*)CopperCu2400101011070403846
Creedite  (*)NoneCa3Al2(SO4)(OH)2F8·2H2O240010102107039,10704048
Datolite  (*)GadoliniteCaB(SiO4)(OH)240010101107040498
Despujolsite  (*)FleischeriteCa3Mn4+(SO4)2(OH)6·3H2O24001042.22107040,10704110
Diaspore  (*)DiasporeAlO(OH)240010101107040481
Diopside  (*)PyroxeneCaMgSi2O62400101011070404135
Ettringite  (*)EttringiteCa6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12·27H2O240010103107039,107040,10704193
Friedelite  (*)Pyrosmalite ClayMn2+8Si6O15(OH)1024001042.22107039,10704040
Gageite  (*)NoneMn2+21Si8O27(OH)2024001042.22107039,10704014
Galena  (*)RocksaltPbS240010102107039,10704024243
Gatehouseite  (*)ArsenoclasiteMn2+5(PO4)2(OH)424001042.211070392
Gaudefroyite  (*)NoneCa4Mn3+3(BO3)3(CO3)O324001042.22107039,1070405
Goethite  (*)DiasporeFeO(OH)240010102107040,1070417437
Gonyerite  (*)Chlorite ClayMn2+5Fe3+(Si3Fe3+O10)(OH)824001042.2110704011
Gowerite  (*)NoneCa[B5O8(OH)][B(OH)3]·3H2O240010102107039,10704013
Grossular  (*)GarnetCa3Al2(SiO4)32400101011070401544
Groutite  (*)DiasporeMn3+O(OH)24001042.22107039,10704072
Guidottiite  (*)Serpentine ClayMn2Fe3+(SiFe3+)O5(OH)424001042.211070401
Gypsum  (*)GypsumCa(SO4)·2H2O240010102107039,1070406890
Hausmannite  (*)SpinelMn2+Mn3+2O424001042.23107039,107040,107041350
Hematite  (*)CorundumFe2O3240010103107039,107040,10704114640
Henritermierite  (*)GarnetCa3Mn3+2(SiO4)2(OH)424001042.22107039,1070404
Hydroxyapophyllite-(K)  (*)ApophylliteKCa4Si8O20(OH,F)·8H2O240010102107039,10704085
Inesite  (*)NoneCa2Mn2+7Si10O28(OH)2·5H2O24001042.23107038,107039,10704050
Jacobsite  (*)SpinelMn2+Fe3+2O424001042.21107040172
Jouravskite  (*)EttringiteCa3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6·12H2O24001042.23107039,107040,1070416
Kenotobermorite  (*)TobermoriteCa4Si6O15(OH)2(H2O)2·3H2O2400101011070401
Kutnohorite  (*)NoneCaMn2+(CO3)224001042.22107039,107040234
Lepidocrocite  (*)LepidocrociteFe3+O(OH)240010102107039,107040581
Leucophoenicite  (*)HumiteMn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)224001042.2110704010
Lipuite  (*)Not in a structural groupKNa8Mn3+5Mg0.5[Si12O30(OH)4](PO4)O2(OH)2·4H2O24001042.211070411
Lizardite  (*)Serpentine ClayMg3Si2O5(OH)4240010101107040359
Malachite  (*)MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)224001010110703912537
Manganite  (*)RutileMn3+O(OH)24001042.22107039,107040770
Manganvesuvianite  (*)VesuvianiteCa19Mn3+Al10Mg2(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O(OH)924001042.22107040,1070414
Marcasite  (*)MarcasiteFeS2240010102107039,1070405674
Marokite  (*)Post-spinelCaMn3+2O424001042.211070408
Mozartite  (*)AdeliteCaMn3+(SiO4)(OH)24001042.211070404
Nchwaningite  (*)NoneMn2SiO3(OH)2·H2O24001042.211070402
Olmiite  (*)NoneCaMn[SiO3(OH)](OH)24001042.22107040,1070414
Orlymanite  (*)GyroliteCa4Mn2+3Si8O20(OH)6·2H2O24001042.211070402
Oyelite  (*)NoneCa5BSi4O13(OH)3·4H2O240010103107039,107040,1070417
Pectolite  (*)PectoliteNaCa2Si3O8(OH)240010102107040,107041363
Phlogopite  (*)Mica ClayKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)22400101011070402273
Poldervaartite  (*)NoneCa(Ca,Mn)(SiO3OH)(OH)24001042.211070392
Portlandite  (*)BruciteCa(OH)2240010102107039,10704051
Prehnite  (*)PrehniteCa2Al(Si3Al)O10(OH)2240010102107038,1070401898
Pyrite  (*)PyriteFeS2240010103107039,107040,10704139462
Pyrochroite  (*)BruciteMn2+(OH)224001042.22107039,10704056
Quartz  (*)QuartzSiO2240010103107039,107040,10704161156
Rhodochrosite  (*)CalciteMn(CO3)24001042.23107039,107040,1070411711
Richterite  (*)AmphiboleNa(NaCa)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2240010101107040148
Ruizite  (*)RuiziteCa2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O24001042.22107039,1070406
Saponite  (*)Clay Smectite-vermiculite(Ca,Na)0.3(Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·4H2O240010101107040301
Schizolite  (*)PectoliteNaCaMnSi3O8(OH)24001042.2110704010
Shigaite  (*)Woodwardite HydrotalciteMn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2·6H2O24001042.22107038,1070397
Sphalerite  (*)SphaleriteZnS24001010110704021482
Strontioruizite  (*)RuiziteSr2Mn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O24001042.211070411
Sturmanite  (*)EttringiteCa6Fe3+2(SO4)2.5[B(OH)4](OH)12·25H2O240010103107039,107040,1070416
Sugilite  (*)MilariteKNa2Fe3+2(Li3Si12)O3010541042.23107039,107040,10704115
Sussexite  (*)NoneMn2+BO2(OH)24001042.2110704025
Taniajacoite  (*)RuiziteSrCaMn3+2Si4O11(OH)4·2H2O24001042.211070411
Tephroite  (*)OlivineMn2+2(SiO4)24001042.21107040240
Thaumasite  (*)EttringiteCa3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O240010102107039,107040183
Todorokite  (*)None(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)6O12·3-4H2O24001042.21107040433
Vesuvianite  (*)Vesuvianite(Ca,Na)19(Al,Mg,Fe)13(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4(OH,F,O)10240010102107039,1070401395
Xonotlite  (*)NoneCa6Si6O17(OH)2240010102107040,107041109


Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:
Age IDLocality Notes
Scott-AM88_189-0001mine


4 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel IDMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)Age as listed in referenceDating MethodAge InterpretPrioritized?Sample SourceSample NumRun NumAge from other LocalityDated MineralMinerals explicitely stated as having this ageAge applies to these ElementsMinDat Locality IDDated Locality (Max Age)Location as listed in referenceReferenceReference DOIReference IDAge Notes
Scott-EPSL298_125-0001240022002400-2200Fe isotopeage of deposition   Yes Mn54254Adams Mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaAdams MineTsikos et Al. (2010)10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.032EPSL298_125Within age bracket for the deposition of the Hotazel sediments
Grew_Li_2019_0050101010101010     YesLavinskyite 3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels mine, Kalahari manganese field, South Africa (type)Cairncross and Beukes (2013) BOOK_KMF_2013 
Grew_Li_2019_0103101010101010     YesSugilite 3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels and N'Chwaning mines, Kalahari manganese field, South AfricaGnos et al. (2003); Cairncross and Beukes (2013)   
Scott-AM88_189-000110541042.21048.1±5.9Ar-ArAge of mineral crystallizationsugilite  YesSugilite Mn3071Wessels Mine, Hotazel, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South AfricaWessels Mine ( Wessel's Mine)Gnos et al. (2003)10.2138/am-2003-0122AM88_189 

SampleSource LocalityReference URL
R060253N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R060253
R140275N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R140275
R100162N'Chwaning I Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R100162
R050088N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R050088
R060512N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R060512
R060473N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R060473
R060377N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R060377
R050144N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R050144
R050177N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R050177
R070210N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070210
R100045N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R100045
R060296N'Chwaning II Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R060296
FKM-173N'Chwaning III Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://www.rockptx.com/fkm-151-to-fkm-175/#FKM-173
R090057N'Chwaning III Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R090057
R100208N'Chwaning III Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R100208
R120170N'Chwaning III Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R120170
R140946N'Chwaning III Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R140946
R130754N'Chwaning III Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R130754
R140945N'Chwaning III Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R140945
R160085N'Chwaning III Mine, N'Chwaning Mines, Kuruman, Kalahari Manganese Field, Northern Cape, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R160085

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

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