Mineral Evolution Database
Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.
Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org



The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.


Locality Name:
Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, Australia

Oldest recorded age at locality: 2742
Youngest recorded age at locality: 2670

mindat Locality ID: 225
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-225.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, Australia": 66
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 62

Number of Child Localities: 3
Child Localities:
Kambalda Nickel Mines
St. Ives Gold Camp
Yilmia Meteorite

Latitude: 31°13'33"S
Longitude: 121°38'47"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -31.225833333333,121.64638888889

AThis mineral is Anthropogenic.
GThis mineral is directly dated.
BThis mineral is reported as having this age.
YThis mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
OThis mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
RThe age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
PThe age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Ag Al As Au Ba Bi C Ca Cd Cl Co Cr Cu Fe H Hg Ir K Mg Mn Mo N Na Ni O P Pb Pd Pt S Sb Si Sr Te Ti W Zn 

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: As Bi C Cu Fe H Ni O Pd Pt S Te 

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality: 
AmphiboleAragoniteArsenopyriteBaryteBlöditeBuckhorniteCalciteChalcopyriteChloriteClay
ClinozoisiteCobaltiteCopperCorundumCubaniteDiasporeEpidoteFeldsparGarnetGypsum
HydrotalciteIronLöllingiteMalachiteMarcasiteMeloniteMeneghiniteMicaMilleriteMolybdenite
NickelineNoneNot in a structural groupPentlanditePyritePyroxeneQuartzRocksaltRutileScheelite
SerpentineSphaleriteSpinelTalcTetradymiteUllmanniteWoodwarditeWurtzite

107 IMA Minerals at location:
Actinolite  (*)Aikinite  (*)Alabandite  (*)Albite  (*)Almandine  (*)
Altaite  (*)Anatase  (*)Andradite  (*)Anhydrite  (*)Ankerite  (*)
Antigorite  (*)Aragonite  (*)Arsenopyrite  (*)Azurite  (*)Baryte  (*)
Buckhornite  (*)Bunsenite  (*)Calaverite  (*)Calcite  (*)Carrollite  (*)
Celestine  (*)Chalcocite  (*)Chalcopyrite  (*)Chlorargyrite  (*)Chromite  (*)
Chrysotile  (*)Clinochlore  (*)Clinozoisite  (*)Cobaltite  (*)Coloradoite  (*)
Cubanite  (*)Cummingtonite  (*)Daubréelite  (*)Diopside  (*)Dolomite  (*)
Enstatite  (*)Epidote  (*)Galena  (*)Gaspéite  (*)Glaukosphaerite  (*)
Goethite  (*)Gold  (*)Graphite  (*)Greenockite  (*)Gypsum  (*)
Halite  (*)Hawleyite  (*)Hematite  (*)Hessite  (*)Hydrohonessite  (*)
Ilmenite  (*)Irarsite  (*)Iron  (*)Kambaldaite  (*)Linnaeite  (*)
Löllingite  (*)Magnesite  (*)Magnetite  (*)Malachite  (*)Marcasite  (*)
Melonite  (*)Merenskyite  (*)Michenerite  (*)Millerite  (*)Molybdenite  (*)
Moncheite  (*)Muscovite  (*)Népouite  (*)Nickelblödite  (*)Nickeline  (*)
Oldhamite  (*)Osbornite  (*)Otwayite  (*)Palladoarsenide  (*)Gersdorffite-Pa3  (*)
Pecoraite  (*)Pentlandite  (*)Petzite  (*)Phlogopite  (*)Polydymite  (*)
Pyrite  (*)Pyrrhotite  (*)Quartz  (*)Reevesite  (*)Rickardite  (*)
Rucklidgeite  (*)Rutile  (*)Scheelite  (*)Schreibersite  (*)Siderite  (*)
Siegenite  (*)Sinoite  (*)Sperrylite  (*)Sphalerite  (*)Spinel  (*)
Stibiopalladinite  (*)Sudburyite  (*)Taenite  (*)Takovite  (*)Talc  (*)
Tellurium  (*)Tellurobismuthite  (*)Tetradymite  (*)Tremolite  (*)Troilite  (*)
Violarite  (*)Volynskite  (*)
Mineral nameStructural GroupsIMA FormulaMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)# of Sublocalities containing mineralLOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids# of localities containing mineral
Actinolite  (*)Amphibole   Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe2+0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)227422670315220,15233,152373419
Aikinite  (*)MeneghiniteCuPbBiS327102700115223315
Alabandite  (*)RocksaltMnS27422670115260312
Albite  (*)FeldsparNa(AlSi3O8)274226702115203,15217,15220,15221,15222,15223,15226,15227,15230,15232,15235,15236,15237,15238,15243,15250,15252,15253,15257,15258,152598803
Almandine  (*)GarnetFe2+3Al2(SiO4)3274226701152572353
Altaite  (*)RocksaltPbTe27422670215210,15223489
Anatase  (*)Not in a structural groupTiO2274226701152372162
Andradite  (*)GarnetCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)3274226701152101534
Anhydrite  (*)Not in a structural groupCa(SO4)27422670215223,152321588
Ankerite  (*)NoneCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)227422670415203,15223,15252,152583092
Antigorite  (*)Serpentine ClayMg3Si2O5(OH)427422670915196,15197,15198,15203,15205,15206,15210,15212,15233708
Aragonite  (*)AragoniteCa(CO3)274226701152063250
Arsenopyrite  (*)ArsenopyriteFeAsS27422670415204,15219,15227,152379052
Azurite  (*)Not in a structural groupCu3(CO3)2(OH)22710270005509
Baryte  (*)BaryteBa(SO4)27422670415206,15210,15223,1523211547
Buckhornite  (*)Buckhornite(Pb2BiS3)(AuTe2)2742267011522313
Bunsenite  (*)RocksaltNiO2710270008
Calaverite  (*)MeloniteAuTe227422670215198,15223361
Calcite  (*)CalciteCa(CO3)27422670515203,15223,15232,15237,1525027770
Carrollite  (*)SpinelCuCo2S427102700115197154
Celestine  (*)BaryteSr(SO4)27422670215223,152321252
Chalcocite  (*)NoneCu2S2710270005707
Chalcopyrite  (*)ChalcopyriteCuFeS2271027001915196,15198,15199,15200,15202,15203,15204,15205,15207,15208,15210,15211,15212,15217,15223,15231,15233,15236,1525027198
Chlorargyrite  (*)RocksaltAgCl274226701152501382
Chromite  (*)SpinelFe2+Cr2O4274226701115196,15198,15202,15203,15204,15205,15207,15208,15210,15211,152363902
Chrysotile  (*)Serpentine ClayMg3Si2O5(OH)427422670115202951
Clinochlore  (*)Chlorite ClayMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8274226701152051756
Clinozoisite  (*)Clinozoisite EpidoteCa2Al3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)274226701152321025
Cobaltite  (*)CobaltiteCoAsS27422670115232966
Coloradoite  (*)SphaleriteHgTe27422670115198169
Cubanite  (*)Cubanite WurtziteCuFe2S327102700115196802
Cummingtonite  (*)Amphibole   Mg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)227422670115227327
Daubréelite  (*)SpinelFeCr2S427422670115260157
Diopside  (*)PyroxeneCaMgSi2O6274226701152574135
Dolomite  (*)NoneCaMg(CO3)2274226701015205,15210,15223,15232,15236,15237,15238,15250,15252,152589895
Enstatite  (*)PyroxeneMg2Si2O627422670115260944
Epidote  (*)Epidote ClinozoisiteCa2(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)27422670315210,15232,152378173
Galena  (*)RocksaltPbS27422670315202,15210,1522324243
Gaspéite  (*)CalciteNi(CO3)2710270011520622
Glaukosphaerite  (*)MalachiteCuNi(CO3)(OH)227102700315202,15206,1523625
Goethite  (*)DiasporeFeO(OH)27422670315202,15206,152367437
Gold  (*)CopperAu274226703615198,15200,15203,15206,15210,15219,15220,15221,15222,15223,15226,15227,15229,15230,15232,15234,15235,15237,15238,15240,15241,15242,15243,15244,15245,15246,15249,15250,15251,15252,15253,15254,15256,15257,15258,1525930554
Graphite  (*)NoneC274226701152602812
Greenockite  (*)WurtziteCdS27422670115210717
Gypsum  (*)GypsumCa(SO4)·2H2O274226701152066890
Halite  (*)RocksaltNaCl274226701151971398
Hawleyite  (*)SphaleriteCdS2742267011521062
Hematite  (*)CorundumFe2O327422670515204,15223,15235,15244,1525214640
Hessite  (*)NoneAg2Te27422670115210804
Hydrohonessite  (*)Woodwardite Hydrotalcite(Ni1-xFe3+x)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x < 0.5, n > 3x/2)2710270011520612
Ilmenite  (*)CorundumFe2+Ti4+O3274226701152375433
Irarsite  (*)PyriteIrAsS27102700115207154
Iron  (*)IronFe274226701152601089
Kambaldaite  (*)NoneNaNi4(CO3)3(OH)3·3H2O271027001152063
Linnaeite  (*)SpinelCo2+Co3+2S427422670115197249
Löllingite  (*)LöllingiteFeAs2274226700762
Magnesite  (*)CalciteMg(CO3)274226701415198,15199,15200,15203,15204,15205,15206,15207,15210,15211,15231,15232,15233,152361487
Magnetite  (*)SpinelFe2+Fe3+2O4274226702215196,15198,15200,15202,15203,15204,15205,15207,15208,15210,15211,15212,15217,15223,15232,15236,15237,15238,15244,15252,15257,1525814899
Malachite  (*)MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)227102700215202,1523612537
Marcasite  (*)MarcasiteFeS2274226701152115674
Melonite  (*)MeloniteNiTe227102700515198,15203,15204,15210,15223207
Merenskyite  (*)MelonitePdTe227102700115207155
Michenerite  (*)UllmannitePdBiTe27102700315204,15207,15210114
Millerite  (*)MilleriteNiS27102700915196,15197,15198,15200,15204,15206,15208,15217,152321066
Molybdenite  (*)MolybdeniteMoS227422670215223,152355800
Moncheite  (*)MelonitePt(Te,Bi)2271027000133
Muscovite  (*)Mica ClayKAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)227422670515222,15223,15237,15252,1525717380
Népouite  (*)Serpentine ClayNi3Si2O5(OH)42710270011520666
Nickelblödite  (*)BlöditeNa2Ni(SO4)2·4H2O271027001151973
Nickeline  (*)NickelineNiAs27102700215207,15236633
Oldhamite  (*)RocksaltCaS2742267011526058
Osbornite  (*)RocksaltTiN2742267011526020
Otwayite  (*)NoneNi2(CO3)(OH)2·H2O2710270005
Palladoarsenide  (*)NonePd2As27102700037
Gersdorffite-Pa3  (*)PyriteNiAsS27102700415204,15207,15211,15236767
Pecoraite  (*)Clay SerpentineNi3Si2O5(OH)42710270011520640
Pentlandite  (*)Pentlandite(Ni,Fe)9S8271027002015196,15197,15198,15199,15200,15202,15203,15204,15205,15207,15208,15210,15211,15212,15217,15231,15232,15233,15236,152501512
Petzite  (*)NoneAg3AuTe227422670115223409
Phlogopite  (*)Mica ClayKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)227422670215205,152112273
Polydymite  (*)SpinelNi2+Ni3+2S427102700215197,15206131
Pyrite  (*)PyriteFeS2274226703615196,15197,15198,15199,15200,15202,15203,15204,15205,15206,15207,15208,15210,15211,15212,15217,15219,15220,15222,15223,15226,15231,15232,15233,15235,15236,15237,15238,15241,15243,15244,15250,15252,15253,15257,1525839462
Pyrrhotite  (*)NickelineFe7S8274226702615196,15197,15198,15199,15202,15203,15204,15207,15208,15210,15211,15212,15217,15219,15220,15223,15227,15231,15232,15233,15235,15236,15237,15250,15257,152589056
Quartz  (*)QuartzSiO2274226702915200,15202,15203,15204,15205,15207,15208,15210,15217,15219,15220,15222,15223,15226,15227,15230,15232,15235,15236,15237,15238,15240,15241,15243,15250,15252,15253,15257,1525861156
Reevesite  (*)HydrotalciteNi6Fe3+2(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O2710270011520648
Rickardite  (*)NoneCu3-xTe227102700052
Rucklidgeite  (*)TetradymitePbBi2Te42742267011521064
Rutile  (*)RutileTiO2274226701152235614
Scheelite  (*)ScheeliteCa(WO4)27422670315206,15210,152234894
Schreibersite  (*)None(Fe,Ni)3P27102700115260374
Siderite  (*)CalciteFe(CO3)27422670315197,15204,152376417
Siegenite  (*)SpinelCoNi2S427102700115197249
Sinoite  (*)NoneSi2N2O274226701152609
Sperrylite  (*)PyritePtAs227102700315198,15204,15207337
Sphalerite  (*)SphaleriteZnS27422670215202,1522321482
Spinel  (*)SpinelMgAl2O427422670515198,15199,15203,15204,152111934
Stibiopalladinite  (*)NonePd5Sb22710270011520775
Sudburyite  (*)NickelinePdSb2710270011520746
Taenite  (*)None(Ni,Fe)27102700115260703
Takovite  (*)HydrotalciteNi6Al2(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O27102700215206,1523618
Talc  (*)Clay TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2274226701815196,15198,15199,15200,15202,15203,15204,15205,15207,15210,15211,15212,15217,15231,15232,15233,15236,152503337
Tellurium  (*)NoneTe27422670215223,15235190
Tellurobismuthite  (*)TetradymiteBi2Te327422670115223276
Tetradymite  (*)TetradymiteBi2Te2S27422670115223510
Tremolite  (*)Amphibole   Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)227422670215204,152052562
Troilite  (*)NoneFeS274226701152601044
Violarite  (*)SpinelFeNi2S4271027001315196,15197,15198,15199,15200,15202,15203,15204,15206,15207,15211,15233,15236380
Volynskite  (*)NoneAgBiTe22742267011521064



Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:
Age IDLocality Notes
Michelle_601Ni-Cu sulfides in komatiites
Michelle_613Ni-Cu sulfides in komatiite
Michelle_616Includes several deposits: Kambalda Dome, St. Ives-Tramways. Ni-Cu sulfides in komatiites.
Michelle_618Ni-Cu sulfides in komatiite
Michelle_654Ni-Cu sulfides in komatiite
Michelle_655Ni-Cu sulfides in komatiite


8 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel IDMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)Age as listed in referenceDating MethodAge InterpretPrioritized?Sample SourceSample NumRun NumAge from other LocalityDated MineralMinerals explicitely stated as having this ageAge applies to these ElementsMinDat Locality IDDated Locality (Max Age)Location as listed in referenceReferenceReference DOIReference IDAge Notes
EG105_1057_029271027002710-2700       Ni, Cu, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os, Ru225Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, AustraliaKambaldaBegg et al. (2010)10.2113/econgeo.105.6.1057EG105_1057 
Mo-N382_703-0001274226702706±36Re-Os isochron  Z58542, Z55765, Z55710, Z55725, Z58502, Z58507, Z5   Mo225Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, AustraliaKambalada, Perseverance, and Mt. KeithFoster et al. (1996)10.1038/382703a0N382_703 
Michelle_616270927012705±4 Age of deposit or general age of the metallogenic province     Ni, Cu248178Kambalda Nickel Mines, Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, AustraliaKambaldaHoatson et al. (2006)10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.05.002OGR29_177See Table. 1 Global resources of nickel metal and ages of the major nickel sulfide deposits of the world. Age can refer to the age of a specific nickel sulfide deposit, or the general age of the metallogenic province containing nickel deposits that are similar to a dated deposit (e.g. 2705 Ma Komatiite-hosted deposits in the Eastern Goldfields Province). Dates on felsic volcanic rocks that include komatiites are consistent with an inferred eruption age for these komatiites of c. 2705 Ma.
Michelle_613270927012705±4 Age of deposit or general age of the metallogenic province     Ni, Cu203730Gibb Shoot, Kambalda Nickel Mines, Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, AustraliaGibbHoatson et al. (2006)10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.05.002OGR29_177See Table. 1 Global resources of nickel metal and ages of the major nickel sulfide deposits of the world. Age can refer to the age of a specific nickel sulfide deposit, or the general age of the metallogenic province containing nickel deposits that are similar to a dated deposit (e.g. 2705 Ma Komatiite-hosted deposits in the Eastern Goldfields Province). Dates on felsic volcanic rocks that include komatiites are consistent with an inferred eruption age for these komatiites of c. 2705 Ma.
Michelle_601270927012705±4 Age of deposit or general age of the metallogenic province     Ni, Cu203724Hunt Shoot, Kambalda Nickel Mines, Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, AustraliaBetaHoatson et al. (2006)10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.05.002OGR29_177See Table. 1 Global resources of nickel metal and ages of the major nickel sulfide deposits of the world. Age can refer to the age of a specific nickel sulfide deposit, or the general age of the metallogenic province containing nickel deposits that are similar to a dated deposit (e.g. 2705 Ma Komatiite-hosted deposits in the Eastern Goldfields Province). Dates on felsic volcanic rocks that include komatiites are consistent with an inferred eruption age for these komatiites of c. 2705 Ma.
Michelle_618270927012705±4 Age of deposit or general age of the metallogenic province     Ni, Cu203726Long Shoot, Kambalda Nickel Mines, Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, AustraliaLongHoatson et al. (2006)10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.05.002OGR29_177See Table. 1 Global resources of nickel metal and ages of the major nickel sulfide deposits of the world. Age can refer to the age of a specific nickel sulfide deposit, or the general age of the metallogenic province containing nickel deposits that are similar to a dated deposit (e.g. 2705 Ma Komatiite-hosted deposits in the Eastern Goldfields Province). Dates on felsic volcanic rocks that include komatiites are consistent with an inferred eruption age for these komatiites of c. 2705 Ma.
Michelle_654270927012705±4 Age of deposit or general age of the metallogenic province     Ni, Cu203725Victor Shoot, Kambalda Nickel Mines, Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, AustraliaVictorHoatson et al. (2006)10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.05.002OGR29_177See Table. 1 Global resources of nickel metal and ages of the major nickel sulfide deposits of the world. Age can refer to the age of a specific nickel sulfide deposit, or the general age of the metallogenic province containing nickel deposits that are similar to a dated deposit (e.g. 2705 Ma Komatiite-hosted deposits in the Eastern Goldfields Province). Dates on felsic volcanic rocks that include komatiites are consistent with an inferred eruption age for these komatiites of c. 2705 Ma.
Michelle_655270927012705±4 Age of deposit or general age of the metallogenic province     Ni, Cu203725Victor Shoot, Kambalda Nickel Mines, Kambalda, Coolgardie Shire, Western Australia, AustraliaVictor ShootHoatson et al. (2006)10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.05.002OGR29_177See Table. 1 Global resources of nickel metal and ages of the major nickel sulfide deposits of the world. Age can refer to the age of a specific nickel sulfide deposit, or the general age of the metallogenic province containing nickel deposits that are similar to a dated deposit (e.g. 2705 Ma Komatiite-hosted deposits in the Eastern Goldfields Province). Dates on felsic volcanic rocks that include komatiites are consistent with an inferred eruption age for these komatiites of c. 2705 Ma.


SampleSource LocalityReference URL


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