Mineral Evolution Database

Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.

Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.

Locality Name:
Bern, Switzerland

Oldest recorded age at locality: 3.36
Youngest recorded age at locality: 3.24

mindat Locality ID: 24252
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-24252.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Bern, Switzerland": 175
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 95

Number of Child Localities: 17
Child Localities:
Bern
Biel (Bienne)
Brienz Lake
Emme Valley
Gadmen Valley
Grindelwald Valley
Hasli Valley
Interlaken
Kander Valley
Lauterbrunnen Valley
Moutier
Riggisberg
Saane Valley (Sarine Valley)
Simme Valley
Thun Lake
Twann
Utzenstorf

Latitude: 46°44'25"N
Longitude: 7°44'20"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): 46.740277777778,7.7388888888889

A	This mineral is Anthropogenic.
G	This mineral is directly dated.
B	This mineral is reported as having this age.
Y	This mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
O	This mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
R	The age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
P	The age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
	This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

Aeschynite	Allanite	Alunite	Amorphous	Apatite	Apophyllite	Aragonite	Baryte	Bastnäsite	Beryl
Brookite	Calcite	Chalcopyrite	Chlorite	Clay	Clinozoisite	Copper	Corundum	Covellite	Crichtonite
Descloizite	Diaspore	Epidote	Feldspar	Fluorite	Gypsum	Heulandite	Iron	Lepidocrocite	Marcasite
Mica	Milarite	Molybdenite	Monazite	Natrolite	Nickeline	None	Not in a structural group	Palygorskite	Phenakite
Pyrite	Pyrophyllite	Pyroxene	Quartz	Rocksalt	Rutile	Scheelite	Sphalerite	Spinel	Stilpnomelane
Sulphur	Talc	Tetrahedrite	Titanite	Topaz	Wurtzite	Zircon

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Al Ba Be C Ca Ce Cl Cr Cu F Fe H K Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni O P Pb S Sb Sc Si Sr Th Ti U V W Y Zn Zr

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality:

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality:
Aeschynite Allanite Alunite Amorphous Apatite Apophyllite Aragonite Baryte Bastnäsite Beryl
Brookite Calcite Chalcopyrite Chlorite Clay Clinozoisite Copper Corundum Covellite Crichtonite
Descloizite Diaspore Epidote Feldspar Fluorite Gypsum Heulandite Iron Lepidocrocite Marcasite
Mica Milarite Molybdenite Monazite Natrolite Nickeline None Not in a structural group Palygorskite Phenakite
Pyrite Pyrophyllite Pyroxene Quartz Rocksalt Rutile Scheelite Sphalerite Spinel Stilpnomelane
Sulphur Talc Tetrahedrite Titanite Topaz Wurtzite Zircon

85 IMA Minerals at location:

Aeschynite-(Y) ()*	Albite ()*	Allanite-(Ce) ()*	Anatase ()*	Anglesite ()*
Anhydrite ()*	Ankerite ()*	Aragonite ()*	Baryte ()*	Bastnäsite-(Ce) ()*
Bayleyite ()*	Baylissite ()*	Bazzite ()*	Brookite ()*	Brushite ()*
Calcite ()*	Celestine ()*	Cerussite ()*	Chalcopyrite ()*	Chamosite ()*
Chromite ()*	Clinoenstatite ()*	Copper ()*	Corundum ()*	Covellite ()*
Descloizite ()*	Diaspore ()*	Dolomite ()*	Enstatite ()*	Epidote ()*
Fluorapophyllite-(K) ()*	Fluorite ()*	Galena ()*	Goethite ()*	Gramaccioliite-(Y) ()*
Graphite ()*	Grimselite ()*	Gypsum ()*	Hematite ()*	Heulandite-Ca ()*
Ilmenite ()*	Iron ()*	Jarosite ()*	Kainosite-(Y) ()*	Kasolite ()*
Laumontite ()*	Lepidocrocite ()*	Magnetite ()*	Marcasite ()*	Milarite ()*
Molybdenite ()*	Monazite-(Ce) ()*	Monohydrocalcite ()*	Muscovite ()*	Nesquehonite ()*
Opal ()*	Orthoclase ()*	Palygorskite ()*	Phenakite ()*	Pyrite ()*
Pyromorphite ()*	Pyrophyllite ()*	Pyrrhotite ()*	Quartz ()*	Rutile ()*
Scheelite ()*	Schreibersite ()*	Schröckingerite ()*	Scolecite ()*	Senaite ()*
Siderite ()*	Sphalerite ()*	Stilpnomelane ()*	Strontianite ()*	Sulphur ()*
Synchysite-(Ce) ()*	Taenite ()*	Talc ()*	Tetrahedrite-(Zn) ()*	Titanite ()*
Topaz ()*	Troilite ()*	Wulfenite ()*	Wurtzite ()*	Zircon ()*

Mineral name	Structural Groups	IMA Formula	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	# of Sublocalities containing mineral	LOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids	# of localities containing mineral
Aeschynite-(Y) ()*	Aeschynite	(Y,Ln,Ca,Th)(Ti,Nb)₂(O,OH)₆	3.36	3.24	1	113443	141
Albite ()*	Feldspar	Na(AlSi₃O₈)			3	113466,113489,113493	8803
Allanite-(Ce) ()*	Allanite Epidote	CaCe(Al₂Fe²⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)	3.36	3.24	1	113435	706
Anatase ()*	Not in a structural group	TiO₂	3.36	3.24	4	113422,113423,113435,113493	2162
Anglesite ()*	Baryte	Pb(SO₄)			1	113485	2734
Anhydrite ()*	Not in a structural group	Ca(SO₄)			1	113567	1588
Ankerite ()*	None	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂			5	113429,113465,113475,113476,113477	3092
Aragonite ()*	Aragonite	Ca(CO₃)			2	113427,113550	3250
Baryte ()*	Baryte	Ba(SO₄)			5	113402,113511,113512,113516,113537	11547
Bastnäsite-(Ce) ()*	Bastnäsite	Ce(CO₃)F			1	113476	304
Bayleyite ()*	None	Mg₂(UO₂)(CO₃)₃·18H₂O	3.36	3.24	2	113443,113445	38
Baylissite ()*	None	K₂Mg(CO₃)₂·4H₂O	3.36	3.24	1	113445	2
Bazzite ()*	Beryl	Be₃(Sc,Fe³⁺,Mg)₂Si₆O₁₈·Na_0.32·nH₂O			2	113461,113477	51
Brookite ()*	Brookite	TiO₂	3.36	3.24	5	113427,113435,113507,113528,113530	700
Brushite ()*	Gypsum	Ca(PO₃OH)·2H₂O			1	113413	104
Calcite ()*	Calcite	Ca(CO₃)	3.36	3.24	30	113404,113405,113410,113417,113422,113429,113444,113471,113476,113490,113507,113511,113512,113516,113522,113524,113525,113530,113531,113536,113537,113539,113544,113553,113555,113558,113560,113562,113571,113573	27770
Celestine ()*	Baryte	Sr(SO₄)			2	113405,113571	1252
Cerussite ()*	Aragonite	Pb(CO₃)			1	113485	4979
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂			2	113516,113537	27198
Chamosite ()*	Chlorite Clay	(Fe²⁺,Mg,Al,Fe³⁺)₆(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH,O)₈			5	113420,113500,113502,113504,113540	577
Chromite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Cr₂O₄			1	113575	3902
Clinoenstatite ()*	Pyroxene	Mg₂Si₂O₆			1	113575	94
Copper ()*	Copper	Cu			1	113575	3846
Corundum ()*	Corundum	Al₂O₃			1	113457	1797
Covellite ()*	Covellite	CuS			1	113537	4165
Descloizite ()*	Descloizite	PbZn(VO₄)(OH)			1	113470	378
Diaspore ()*	Diaspore	AlO(OH)			1	113555	481
Dolomite ()*	None	CaMg(CO₃)₂	3.36	3.24	6	113443,113455,113498,113537,113564,113567	9895
Enstatite ()*	Pyroxene	Mg₂Si₂O₆			1	113575	944
Epidote ()*	Epidote Clinozoisite	Ca₂(Al₂Fe³⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)			2	113484,113493	8173
Fluorapophyllite-(K) ()*	Apophyllite	KCa₄Si₈O₂₀F·8H₂O			1	113491	303
Fluorite ()*	Fluorite	CaF₂	3.36	3.24	14	113422,113434,113437,113439,113444,113447,113466,113468,113469,113471,113472,113480,113488,113537	9617
Galena ()*	Rocksalt	PbS	3.36	3.24	7	113444,113475,113476,113485,113516,113537,113571	24243
Goethite ()*	Diaspore	FeO(OH)			3	113405,113470,113484	7437
Gramaccioliite-(Y) ()*	Crichtonite	(Pb,Sr)(Y,Mn)Fe³⁺₂(Ti,Fe³⁺)₁₈O₃₈	3.36	3.24	1	113435	9
Graphite ()*	None	C			4	113421,113425,113430,113537	2812
Grimselite ()*	None	K₃Na(UO₂)(CO₃)₃·H₂O	3.36	3.24	2	113445,113446	4
Gypsum ()*	Gypsum	Ca(SO₄)·2H₂O			4	113405,113533,113542,113567	6890
Hematite ()*	Corundum	Fe₂O₃	3.36	3.24	14	113420,113440,113448,113449,113452,113458,113460,113462,113466,113500,113502,113516,113537,113555	14640
Heulandite-Ca ()*	Heulandite	(Ca,Na,K)₅(Si₂₇Al₉)O₇₂·26H₂O			1	113440	246
Ilmenite ()*	Corundum	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺O₃			3	113422,113493,113575	5433
Iron ()*	Iron	Fe			3	113407,113415,113575	1089
Jarosite ()*	Alunite	KFe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆			1	113428	2228
Kainosite-(Y) ()*	None	Ca₂Y₂(SiO₃)₄(CO₃)·H₂O			3	113440,113466,113489	99
Kasolite ()*	None	Pb(UO₂)(SiO₄)·H₂O			1	113487	198
Laumontite ()*	Not in a structural group	CaAl₂Si₄O₁₂·4H₂O			1	113569	1271
Lepidocrocite ()*	Lepidocrocite	Fe³⁺O(OH)	3.36	3.24	1	113449	581
Magnetite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄			4	113420,113500,113502,113537	14899
Marcasite ()*	Marcasite	FeS₂			1	113405	5674
Milarite ()*	Milarite	KCa₂(Be₂AlSi₁₂)O₃₀·H₂O	3.36	3.24	5	113444,113458,113468,113471,113474	156
Molybdenite ()*	Molybdenite	MoS₂			2	113476,113477	5800
Monazite-(Ce) ()*	Monazite	Ce(PO₄)	3.36	3.24	3	113445,113470,113482	945
Monohydrocalcite ()*	None	Ca(CO₃)·H₂O	3.36	3.24	1	113445	55
Muscovite ()*	Mica Clay	KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂			5	113435,113457,113498,113537,113555	17380
Nesquehonite ()*	None	Mg(CO₃)·3H₂O			1	113556	80
Opal ()*	Amorphous	SiO₂·nH₂O			2	113467,113481	2994
Orthoclase ()*	Feldspar	K(AlSi₃O₈)	3.36	3.24	1	113448	2349
Palygorskite ()*	Palygorskite Clay	(Mg,Al)₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)·4H₂O			1	113404	306
Phenakite ()*	Phenakite	Be₂(SiO₄)			1	113472	326
Pyrite ()*	Pyrite	FeS₂	3.36	3.24	12	113405,113429,113441,113444,113475,113476,113511,113512,113516,113537,113565,113571	39462
Pyromorphite ()*	Apatite	Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl			1	113485	1725
Pyrophyllite ()*	Clay Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂			1	113555	771
Pyrrhotite ()*	Nickeline	Fe₇S₈			4	113484,113491,113537,113571	9056
Quartz ()*	Quartz	SiO₂	3.36	3.24	46	113405,113410,113422,113423,113429,113437,113438,113439,113440,113441,113444,113447,113448,113449,113452,113454,113458,113460,113462,113463,113465,113466,113467,113468,113470,113471,113472,113473,113478,113484,113485,113489,113491,113492,113493,113496,113506,113507,113509,113516,113519,113530,113531,113537,113547,113573	61156
Rutile ()*	Rutile	TiO₂			4	113435,113458,113465,113475	5614
Scheelite ()*	Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)			1	113484	4894
Schreibersite ()*	None	(Fe,Ni)₃P			1	113407	374
Schröckingerite ()*	None	NaCa₃(UO₂)(SO₄)(CO₃)₃F·10H₂O	3.36	3.24	2	113445,113446	128
Scolecite ()*	Natrolite	Ca(Si₃Al₂)O₁₀·3H₂O			1	113460	390
Senaite ()*	Crichtonite	Pb(Mn,Y,U)(Fe,Zn)₂(Ti,Fe,Cr,V)₁₈(O,OH)₃₈			2	113435,113458	28
Siderite ()*	Calcite	Fe(CO₃)			3	113429,113475,113476	6417
Sphalerite ()*	Sphalerite	ZnS			6	113405,113476,113489,113516,113537,113571	21482
Stilpnomelane ()*	Stilpnomelane Clay	(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)₈(Si,Al)₁₂(O,OH)₃₆·nH₂O			1	113537	456
Strontianite ()*	Aragonite	Sr(CO₃)			2	113405,113509	589
Sulphur ()*	Sulphur	S			1	113567	2045
Synchysite-(Ce) ()*	None	CaCe(CO₃)₂F			1	113476	232
Taenite ()*	None	(Ni,Fe)			2	113415,113575	703
Talc ()*	Clay Talc	Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂			1	113481	3337
Tetrahedrite-(Zn) ()*	Tetrahedrite	Cu₆(Cu₄Zn₂)Sb₄S₁₃			1	113537	5317
Titanite ()*	Titanite	CaTi(SiO₄)O	3.36	3.24	5	113422,113423,113435,113483,113493	4899
Topaz ()*	Topaz	Al₂SiO₄F₂			1	113526	1476
Troilite ()*	None	FeS			1	113575	1044
Wulfenite ()*	Scheelite	PbMoO₄			1	113487	1655
Wurtzite ()*	Wurtzite	ZnS			1	113405	372
Zircon ()*	Zircon	Zr(SiO₄)			1	113468	5251

Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:

Age ID	Locality Notes
Michelle_507	Baylissite occurs as a recent secondary mineral in alpine fissures of the Gerstenegg-Sommerloch tunnel in the Grimsel Pass area of the Aar Massif. Pliocene hydrothermal breccia mineralization in the Grimsel area demonstrates that meteoric waters penetrated deep into the Aar massif. The tunnels are utilized by utility companies.

1 Ages assigned to this locality:

	Excel ID	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	Age as listed in reference	Dating Method	Age Interpret	Prioritized?	Sample Source	Sample Num	Run Num	Age from other Locality	Dated Mineral	Minerals explicitely stated as having this age	Age applies to these Elements	MinDat Locality ID	Dated Locality (Max Age)	Location as listed in reference	Reference	Reference DOI	Reference ID	Age Notes
	Michelle_507	3.36	3.24	3.30±0.06	Ar-Ar	Age of hydrothermal alteration		adularia							22954	Grimsel Pass, Grimsel Area, Hasli Valley, Bern, Switzerland	Grimsel Pass	Hofmann et al. (2004)		SMPM84_271	Age of hydrothermal alteration.

Sample	Source Locality	Reference URL

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...