Mineral Evolution Database
Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.
Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

Important Update News

The RRUFF Project is being updated to improve its interface and content. The beta version of the update is accessible to the public at RRUFF.net. New data is only being added to the beta site. Please note that it is in development, and some components are not functional. Existing RRUFF.info links will resolve to the new site after RRUFF.net is officially released.

We are grateful to NASA for the funding of this effort.


The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.


Locality Name:
Sekhukhune District, Limpopo, South Africa


mindat Locality ID: 257501
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-257501.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Sekhukhune District, Limpopo, South Africa": 18
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 14

Number of Child Localities: 8
Child Localities:
Booysendal North Mine
Echo Caves
Groblersdal
Marble Hall
Mototolo Mine
Penge Mine
Steelpoort
Twickenham Mine

Latitude: 24°51'21"S
Longitude: 29°55'37"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -24.855833333333,29.926944444444
AThis mineral is Anthropogenic.
GThis mineral is directly dated.
BThis mineral is reported as having this age.
YThis mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
OThis mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
RThe age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
PThe age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Ag Al As Au Ba Bi C Ca Ce Cl Co Cr Cu F Fe H Ir K Mg Mn Mo Na Nd Ni O P Pb Pt Ru S Si Sn Te Ti W Zn 

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: 

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality: 
AllophaneAluniteAmphiboleAndalusiteApatiteApophylliteAragoniteArsenicArsenopyriteAuricupride
BaryteBastnäsiteBismutiteBrochantiteBrookiteCalciteCarminiteChalcanthiteChalcopyriteChenevixite
ChloriteClayClinozoisiteColumbiteCopperCorundumCovelliteDiasporeEpidoteFeldspar
FluoriteGarnetGypsumIlvaiteKaoliniteLöllingiteMalachiteMicaMilleriteMixite
MolybdeniteMonaziteNickelineNoneNot in a structural groupOlivineParisitePentlanditePerovskitePharmacosiderite
PotaritePyritePyroxeneQuartzRocksaltRutileScapoliteScheeliteSerpentineSmectite-vermiculite
SphaleriteSpinelStanniteStibniteStilpnomelaneTalcTetradymiteTitaniteTungstite

110 IMA Minerals at location:
Actinolite  (*)Albite  (*)Anatase  (*)Anglesite  (*)Ankerite  (*)
Anorthite  (*)Antigorite  (*)Antlerite  (*)Aragonite  (*)Arsenopyrite  (*)
Azurite  (*)Bariopharmacosiderite  (*)Baryte  (*)Bastnäsite-(Ce)  (*)Beaverite-(Cu)  (*)
Beudantite  (*)Bismite  (*)Bismuth  (*)Bismuthinite  (*)Bismutite  (*)
Bornite  (*)Braggite  (*)Brochantite  (*)Brookite  (*)Calcite  (*)
Carminite  (*)Cassiterite  (*)Ceruleite  (*)Cerussite  (*)Chalcanthite  (*)
Chalcocite  (*)Chalcopyrite  (*)Chamosite  (*)Chenevixite  (*)Chromite  (*)
Chrysocolla  (*)Clinochlore  (*)Clinoclase  (*)Cooperite  (*)Copper  (*)
Corkite  (*)Cornwallite  (*)Covellite  (*)Cuprite  (*)Cuprotungstite  (*)
Enstatite  (*)Epidote  (*)Ferberite  (*)Fluorapatite  (*)Fluorapophyllite-(K)  (*)
Fluorite  (*)Forsterite  (*)Galena  (*)Glaucodot  (*)Goethite  (*)
Gold  (*)Goudeyite  (*)Grossular  (*)Grunerite  (*)Gypsum  (*)
Hematite  (*)Ilvaite  (*)Isoferroplatinum  (*)Joséite-B  (*)Kaolinite  (*)
Laurite  (*)Löllingite  (*)Ludlockite  (*)Magnesiochromite  (*)Magnetite  (*)
Malachite  (*)Malanite  (*)Meionite  (*)Microcline  (*)Millerite  (*)
Mimetite  (*)Molybdenite  (*)Molybdite  (*)Monazite-(Ce)  (*)Muscovite  (*)
Nontronite  (*)Olivenite  (*)Orthoclase  (*)Parisite-(Ce)  (*)Pentlandite  (*)
Pharmacosiderite  (*)Philipsbornite  (*)Platinum  (*)Pyrite  (*)Pyrrhotite  (*)
Quartz  (*)Rhodochrosite  (*)Rutile  (*)Scheelite  (*)Scorodite  (*)
Siderite  (*)Silver  (*)Sperrylite  (*)Sphalerite  (*)Stannite  (*)
Stilpnomelane  (*)Synchysite-(Nd)  (*)Talc  (*)Tenorite  (*)Tetraferroplatinum  (*)
Titanite  (*)Tremolite  (*)Tungstite  (*)Uvarovite  (*)Wulfenite  (*)
Mineral nameStructural GroupsIMA FormulaMax Age (Ma)Min Age (Ma)# of Sublocalities containing mineralLOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids# of localities containing mineral
Actinolite  (*)Amphibole   Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe2+0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)211064743419
Albite  (*)FeldsparNa(AlSi3O8)11064768803
Anatase  (*)Not in a structural groupTiO22106471,1064742162
Anglesite  (*)BarytePb(SO4)2106474,1064762734
Ankerite  (*)NoneCa(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)211064763092
Anorthite  (*)FeldsparCa(Al2Si2O8)11064711036
Antigorite  (*)Serpentine ClayMg3Si2O5(OH)41106471708
Antlerite  (*)Not in a structural groupCu2+3(SO4)(OH)41106476246
Aragonite  (*)AragoniteCa(CO3)3106472,106481,1064853250
Arsenopyrite  (*)ArsenopyriteFeAsS2106474,1064799052
Azurite  (*)Not in a structural groupCu3(CO3)2(OH)23106476,106478,1064795509
Bariopharmacosiderite  (*)PharmacosideriteBa0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4·5H2O1106474150
Baryte  (*)BaryteBa(SO4)110647411547
Bastnäsite-(Ce)  (*)BastnäsiteCe(CO3)F1106474304
Beaverite-(Cu)  (*)AlunitePb(Fe3+2Cu)(SO4)2(OH)62106476,106479132
Beudantite  (*)AlunitePbFe3+3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)62106474,106476413
Bismite  (*)NoneBi2O31106476214
Bismuth  (*)ArsenicBi11064761966
Bismuthinite  (*)StibniteBi2S311064761935
Bismutite  (*)BismutiteBi2O2(CO3)1106476716
Bornite  (*)NoneCu5FeS411064765516
Braggite  (*)NonePdPt3S41106471101
Brochantite  (*)BrochantiteCu4(SO4)(OH)62106476,1064791633
Brookite  (*)BrookiteTiO21106474700
Calcite  (*)CalciteCa(CO3)3106471,106474,10647827770
Carminite  (*)CarminitePbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)21106479178
Cassiterite  (*)RutileSnO211064795171
Ceruleite  (*)NoneCuAl4(AsO4)2(OH)8(H2O)4110647919
Cerussite  (*)AragonitePb(CO3)2106474,1064764979
Chalcanthite  (*)ChalcanthiteCu(SO4)·5H2O1106476925
Chalcocite  (*)NoneCu2S2106471,1064785707
Chalcopyrite  (*)ChalcopyriteCuFeS22106471,10647627198
Chamosite  (*)Chlorite Clay(Fe2+,Mg,Al,Fe3+)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)81106476577
Chenevixite  (*)ChenevixiteCuFe3+(AsO4)(OH)2110647690
Chromite  (*)SpinelFe2+Cr2O44106471,106483,106485,1064863902
Chrysocolla  (*)Allophane(Cu2-xAlx)H2-xSi2O5(OH)4·nH2O11064793531
Clinochlore  (*)Chlorite ClayMg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)82106471,1064741756
Clinoclase  (*)NoneCu3(AsO4)(OH)33106476,106478,106479127
Cooperite  (*)NonePtS1106471124
Copper  (*)CopperCu11064763846
Corkite  (*)AlunitePbFe3+3(SO4)(PO4)(OH)61106479151
Cornwallite  (*)NoneCu5(AsO4)2(OH)42106476,106478175
Covellite  (*)CovelliteCuS2106474,1064764165
Cuprite  (*)Not in a structural groupCu2O2106476,1064792970
Cuprotungstite  (*)NoneCu2+3(WO4)2(OH)2110647667
Enstatite  (*)PyroxeneMg2Si2O61106471944
Epidote  (*)Epidote ClinozoisiteCa2(Al2Fe3+)[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)11064768173
Ferberite  (*)ColumbiteFe2+(WO4)1106476551
Fluorapatite  (*)ApatiteCa5(PO4)3F11064762740
Fluorapophyllite-(K)  (*)ApophylliteKCa4Si8O20F·8H2O1106481303
Fluorite  (*)FluoriteCaF23106474,106478,1064799617
Forsterite  (*)OlivineMg2(SiO4)11064711188
Galena  (*)RocksaltPbS3106471,106474,10647724243
Glaucodot  (*)Arsenopyrite(Co0.5Fe0.5)AsS1106476131
Goethite  (*)DiasporeFeO(OH)2106474,1064787437
Gold  (*)CopperAu110647430554
Goudeyite  (*)MixiteCu6Al(AsO4)3(OH)6·3H2O110647919
Grossular  (*)GarnetCa3Al2(SiO4)311064831544
Grunerite  (*)Amphibole   Fe2+2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)21106481223
Gypsum  (*)GypsumCa(SO4)·2H2O11064746890
Hematite  (*)CorundumFe2O32106474,10647614640
Ilvaite  (*)IlvaiteCaFe3+Fe2+2O(Si2O7)(OH)1106476197
Isoferroplatinum  (*)Auricupride PerovskitePt3Fe1106471128
Joséite-B  (*)TetradymiteBi4Te2S110647786
Kaolinite  (*)Clay KaoliniteAl2Si2O5(OH)42106474,1064765591
Laurite  (*)PyriteRuS21106471226
Löllingite  (*)LöllingiteFeAs21106476762
Ludlockite  (*)NonePbFe3+4As3+10O22110647615
Magnesiochromite  (*)SpinelMgCr2O41106471311
Magnetite  (*)SpinelFe2+Fe3+2O42106474,10647614899
Malachite  (*)MalachiteCu2(CO3)(OH)23106474,106476,10647812537
Malanite  (*)SpinelCu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4110647135
Meionite  (*)ScapoliteCa4Al6Si6O24(CO3)1106481176
Microcline  (*)FeldsparK(AlSi3O8)11064744924
Millerite  (*)MilleriteNiS11064711066
Mimetite  (*)ApatitePb5(AsO4)3Cl11064761107
Molybdenite  (*)MolybdeniteMoS22106474,1064795800
Molybdite  (*)NoneMoO31106479140
Monazite-(Ce)  (*)MonaziteCe(PO4)1106474945
Muscovite  (*)Mica ClayKAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)22106471,10647417380
Nontronite  (*)Clay Smectite-vermiculiteNa0.3Fe3+2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·nH2O1106474471
Olivenite  (*)AndalusiteCu2(AsO4)(OH)3106476,106478,106479492
Orthoclase  (*)FeldsparK(AlSi3O8)11064762349
Parisite-(Ce)  (*)ParisiteCaCe2(CO3)3F21106474112
Pentlandite  (*)Pentlandite(Ni,Fe)9S811064711512
Pharmacosiderite  (*)PharmacosideriteKFe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4·6-7H2O2106476,106479428
Philipsbornite  (*)AlunitePbAl3(AsO4)(AsO3OH)(OH)6110647651
Platinum  (*)CopperPt3106471,106480,106488485
Pyrite  (*)PyriteFeS23106471,106474,10647639462
Pyrrhotite  (*)NickelineFe7S811064719056
Quartz  (*)QuartzSiO22106474,10647961156
Rhodochrosite  (*)CalciteMn(CO3)11064741711
Rutile  (*)RutileTiO22106471,1064745614
Scheelite  (*)ScheeliteCa(WO4)3106477,106478,1064794894
Scorodite  (*)NoneFe3+(AsO4)·2H2O4106474,106476,106478,1064791153
Siderite  (*)CalciteFe(CO3)2106474,1064766417
Silver  (*)CopperAg11064765186
Sperrylite  (*)PyritePtAs21106471337
Sphalerite  (*)SphaleriteZnS2106474,10647621482
Stannite  (*)Stannite SphaleriteCu2FeSnS41106476668
Stilpnomelane  (*)Stilpnomelane Clay(K,Ca,Na)(Fe,Mg,Al)8(Si,Al)12(O,OH)36·nH2O1106476456
Synchysite-(Nd)  (*)NoneCaNd(CO3)2F11064747
Talc  (*)Clay TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)211064713337
Tenorite  (*)NoneCuO11064761101
Tetraferroplatinum  (*)PotaritePtFe110647166
Titanite  (*)TitaniteCaTi(SiO4)O2106471,1064764899
Tremolite  (*)Amphibole   Ca2(Mg5.0-4.5Fe2+0.0-0.5)Si8O22(OH)211064712562
Tungstite  (*)TungstiteWO3·H2O1106476118
Uvarovite  (*)GarnetCa3Cr2(SiO4)31106471212
Wulfenite  (*)ScheelitePbMoO411064741655


No ages have been assigned to this locality yet.
SampleSource LocalityReference URL
R070204Penge Mine, Sekhukhune District, Limpopo, South Africahttps://rruff.info/R070204

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...

Other copyright data...