Mineral Evolution Database

Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.

Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.

Locality Name:
Botswana

Oldest recorded age at locality: 2700
Youngest recorded age at locality: 0

mindat Locality ID: 23358
mindat URL: http://www.mindat.org/loc-23358.html

Tectonic Settings:

Total number of sublocalities beneath "Botswana": 57
Total number of bottom-level sublocalities: 34

Number of Child Localities: 9
Child Localities:
Central District
Ghanzi District
Kgalagadi District
Kgatleng District
Kweneng District
North-East District
North-West District
South-East District
Southern District

Latitude: 22°35'12"S
Longitude: 24°46'41"E
Decimal Degree (lat, lon): -22.586666666667,24.778055555556

A	This mineral is Anthropogenic.
G	This mineral is directly dated.
B	This mineral is reported as having this age.
Y	This mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
O	This mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
R	The age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
P	The age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
	This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

Alunite	Amphibole	Andalusite	Apatite	Arcanite	Baryte	Biphosphammite	Calcite	Chalcopyrite	Chalcostibite
Clay	Clinozoisite	Cobaltite	Copper	Coronadite	Corundum	Covellite	Diamond	Diaspore	Digenite
Dumortierite	Epidote	Feldspar	Garnet	Gypsum	Humboldtine	Marcasite	Melonite	Mica	Molybdenite
Nickeline	None	Not in a structural group	Olivine	Oxalate	Pentlandite	Perovskite	Picromerite	Potarite	Pyrite
Pyroxene	Quartz	Rocksalt	Rutile	Sphalerite	Spinel	Spurrite-Afwillite	Struvite	Syngenite	Ullmannite

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Ag Al As Au B Ba Bi C Ca Cl Co Cu F Fe H Hg K Mg Mn Mo N Na Ni O P Pb Pd Pt Re Rh S Si Sn Te Ti Zn

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: Al O Si

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality:
Alunite Amphibole Andalusite Apatite Arcanite Baryte Biphosphammite Calcite Chalcopyrite Chalcostibite
Clay Clinozoisite Cobaltite Copper Coronadite Corundum Covellite Diamond Diaspore Digenite
Dumortierite Epidote Feldspar Garnet Gypsum Humboldtine Marcasite Melonite Mica Molybdenite
Nickeline None Not in a structural group Olivine Oxalate Pentlandite Perovskite Picromerite Potarite Pyrite
Pyroxene Quartz Rocksalt Rutile Sphalerite Spinel Spurrite-Afwillite Struvite Syngenite Ullmannite

82 IMA Minerals at location:

Albite ()*	Altaite ()*	Andalusite ()*	Arcanite ()*	Argentopentlandite ()*
Azurite ()*	Baryte ()*	Biphosphammite ()*	Bornite ()*	Boussingaultite ()*
Bultfonteinite ()*	Calcite ()*	Cassiterite ()*	Chalcocite ()*	Chalcopyrite ()*
Cobaltite ()*	Covellite ()*	Ice-VII ()*	Diamond ()*	Digenite ()*
Diopside ()*	Dittmarite ()*	Dumortierite ()*	Emplectite ()*	Enstatite ()*
Epidote ()*	Fluorapatite ()*	Forsterite ()*	Freudenbergite ()*	Galena ()*
Gedrite ()*	Glushinskite ()*	Goethite ()*	Gold ()*	Graphite ()*
Gwihabaite ()*	Gypsum ()*	Hematite ()*	Hessite ()*	Hollandite ()*
Hollingworthite ()*	Ilmenite ()*	Kotulskite ()*	Kudryavtsevaite ()*	Kyanite ()*
Magnesite ()*	Magnetite ()*	Manganite ()*	Marcasite ()*	Melonite ()*
Merenskyite ()*	Michenerite ()*	Molybdenite ()*	Muscovite ()*	Natroalunite ()*
Natrojarosite ()*	Orthoclase ()*	Pentlandite ()*	Perovskite ()*	Phlogopite ()*
Potarite ()*	Preiswerkite ()*	Pyrite ()*	Pyrolusite ()*	Pyrope ()*
Pyrrhotite ()*	Quartz ()*	Rheniite ()*	Smythite ()*	Sperrylite ()*
Sphalerite ()*	Spinel ()*	Stromeyerite ()*	Struvite ()*	Sylvite ()*
Syngenite ()*	Temagamite ()*	Thermonatrite ()*	Trona ()*	Ulvöspinel ()*
Violarite ()*	Weddellite ()*

Mineral name	Structural Groups	IMA Formula	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	# of Sublocalities containing mineral	LOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids	# of localities containing mineral
Albite ()*	Feldspar	Na(AlSi₃O₈)			1	26875	8803
Altaite ()*	Rocksalt	PbTe			1	26875	489
Andalusite ()*	Andalusite	Al₂SiO₅	2700	0	0		1310
Arcanite ()*	Arcanite	K₂(SO₄)			1	26900	30
Argentopentlandite ()*	Pentlandite	Ag(Fe,Ni)₈S₈			1	26875	67
Azurite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂	900	900	1	26862	5509
Baryte ()*	Baryte	Ba(SO₄)			1	26870	11547
Biphosphammite ()*	Biphosphammite	(NH₄)H₂(PO₄)	1000	0	1	26893	11
Bornite ()*	None	Cu₅FeS₄	900	900	4	26864,26887,26891,26897	5516
Boussingaultite ()*	Picromerite	(NH₄)₂Mg(SO₄)₂·6H₂O	1000	0	1	26893	30
Bultfonteinite ()*	Spurrite-Afwillite	Ca₂SiO₃(OH)F·H₂O			1	26856	20
Calcite ()*	Calcite	Ca(CO₃)	2700	2500	3	26859,26878,26897	27770
Cassiterite ()*	Rutile	SnO₂			1	26848	5171
Chalcocite ()*	None	Cu₂S	900	900	5	26864,26886,26887,26891,26897	5707
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	2700	900	11	26864,26875,26877,26878,26879,26881,26882,26886,26887,26891,26897	27198
Cobaltite ()*	Cobaltite	CoAsS			1	26882	966
Covellite ()*	Covellite	CuS	2700	2500	1	26878	4165
Ice-VII ()*	None	H₂O			1	26857	1
Diamond ()*	Diamond	C			5	26852,26853,26856,26857,26904	697
Digenite ()*	Digenite	Cu_1.8S			1	26897	1027
Diopside ()*	Pyroxene	CaMgSi₂O₆			3	26853,26855,26904	4135
Dittmarite ()*	None	(NH₄)Mg(PO₄)·H₂O	1000	0	1	26893	7
Dumortierite ()*	Dumortierite	AlAl₆BSi₃O₁₈			2	26883,26894	231
Emplectite ()*	Chalcostibite	CuBiS₂			1	26897	246
Enstatite ()*	Pyroxene	Mg₂Si₂O₆			1	26853	944
Epidote ()*	Epidote Clinozoisite	Ca₂(Al₂Fe³⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)			1	26875	8173
Fluorapatite ()*	Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F			1	26850	2740
Forsterite ()*	Olivine	Mg₂(SiO₄)			2	26853,26855	1188
Freudenbergite ()*	None	Na(Ti⁴⁺₃Fe³⁺)O₈			1	26855	8
Galena ()*	Rocksalt	PbS	900	900	5	26864,26875,26882,26887,26897	24243
Gedrite ()*	Amphibole	Mg₂(Mg₃Al₂)(Si₆Al₂)O₂₂(OH)₂	2700	2500	1	26878	178
Glushinskite ()*	Humboldtine Oxalate	Mg(C₂O₄)·2H₂O	1000	0	1	26893	5
Goethite ()*	Diaspore	FeO(OH)	2700	2500	1	26878	7437
Gold ()*	Copper	Au			4	26873,26874,26875,26882	30554
Graphite ()*	None	C	1942	900	2	26857,26886	2812
Gwihabaite ()*	None	(NH₄)(NO₃)	1000	0	1	26893	10
Gypsum ()*	Gypsum	Ca(SO₄)·2H₂O	1000	0	1	26893	6890
Hematite ()*	Corundum	Fe₂O₃	2700	900	4	26859,26864,26878,26894	14640
Hessite ()*	None	Ag₂Te			2	26875,26882	804
Hollandite ()*	Coronadite	Ba(Mn⁴⁺₆Mn³⁺₂)O₁₆			1	26859	243
Hollingworthite ()*	Ullmannite	RhAsS			1	26875	119
Ilmenite ()*	Corundum	Fe²⁺Ti⁴⁺O₃	2700	2500	4	26853,26855,26857,26878	5433
Kotulskite ()*	Nickeline	Pd(Te,Bi)_2-x (x ≈ 0.4)			2	26882,26897	116
Kudryavtsevaite ()*	Not in a structural group	Na₃MgFe³⁺Ti₄O₁₂			1	26855	1
Kyanite ()*	Not in a structural group	Al₂OSiO₄			2	26883,26894	1507
Magnesite ()*	Calcite	Mg(CO₃)	2700	900	2	26868,26871	1487
Magnetite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	2700	2500	5	26855,26877,26878,26879,26881	14899
Manganite ()*	Rutile	Mn³⁺O(OH)			1	26859	770
Marcasite ()*	Marcasite	FeS₂	2700	2500	1	26878	5674
Melonite ()*	Melonite	NiTe₂			1	26882	207
Merenskyite ()*	Melonite	PdTe₂			1	26875	155
Michenerite ()*	Ullmannite	PdBiTe			1	26882	114
Molybdenite ()*	Molybdenite	MoS₂			2	26875,26897	5800
Muscovite ()*	Mica Clay	KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂			4	26859,26875,26881,26894	17380
Natroalunite ()*	Alunite	NaAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆	2700	2500	1	26878	128
Natrojarosite ()*	Alunite	NaFe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆	2700	2500	1	26878	254
Orthoclase ()*	Feldspar	K(AlSi₃O₈)			1	26859	2349
Pentlandite ()*	Pentlandite	(Ni,Fe)₉S₈	2700	2500	6	26875,26877,26878,26879,26881,26882	1512
Perovskite ()*	Perovskite	CaTiO₃			2	26854,26855	495
Phlogopite ()*	Mica Clay	KMg₃(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂			3	26853,26855,26904	2273
Potarite ()*	Potarite	PdHg			1	26897	25
Preiswerkite ()*	Mica	NaAlMg₂(Si₂Al₂)O₁₀(OH)₂			1	26888	14
Pyrite ()*	Pyrite	FeS₂	2700	900	4	26878,26881,26882,26887	39462
Pyrolusite ()*	Rutile	MnO₂			1	26859	3106
Pyrope ()*	Garnet	Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃			1	26855	341
Pyrrhotite ()*	Nickeline	Fe₇S₈	2700	2500	6	26875,26877,26878,26879,26881,26882	9056
Quartz ()*	Quartz	SiO₂	2700	2500	6	26849,26859,26870,26875,26878,26897	61156
Rheniite ()*	None	ReS₂			1	26875	8
Smythite ()*	None	(Fe,Ni)_3+xS₄ (x ≈ 0-0.3)	2700	2500	1	26878	77
Sperrylite ()*	Pyrite	PtAs₂			2	26875,26882	337
Sphalerite ()*	Sphalerite	ZnS			2	26875,26897	21482
Spinel ()*	Spinel	MgAl₂O₄			3	26853,26888,26904	1934
Stromeyerite ()*	None	CuAgS			1	26897	332
Struvite ()*	Struvite	(NH₄)Mg(PO₄)·6H₂O	1000	0	1	26893	30
Sylvite ()*	Rocksalt	KCl			1	26895	275
Syngenite ()*	Syngenite	K₂Ca(SO₄)₂·H₂O	1000	0	1	26893	44
Temagamite ()*	None	Pd₃HgTe₃			1	26897	24
Thermonatrite ()*	None	Na₂(CO₃)·H₂O			1	26895	64
Trona ()*	None	Na₃(HCO₃)(CO₃)·2H₂O			1	26895	129
Ulvöspinel ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺₂TiO₄			1	26855	120
Violarite ()*	Spinel	FeNi₂S₄	2700	2500	1	26878	380
Weddellite ()*	Oxalate	Ca(C₂O₄)·2H₂O	1000	0	1	26893	32

Locality Notes from all Ages at Locality:

Age ID	Locality Notes
Michelle_662	Basal Ni-Cu sulfides in mafic-ultramafic intrusion
Michelle_823	A guano and fossil rich cave in the dolomitic hills of Gcwihaba Valley. Fossils indicate heavy sedimentation at the Plio-Pleistocene boundary, with ongoing spleothem mineralization.
Michelle_824	Drotsky's Cave lies in dolomitic marbles of the Upper Proterozoic Otavi Group or Damara Sequence

10 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel ID	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	Age as listed in reference	Dating Method	Age Interpret	Sample Source	Dated Mineral	Age applies to these Elements	MinDat Locality ID	Dated Locality (Max Age)	Location as listed in reference	Reference	Reference DOI	Reference ID	Age Notes
sedcu-00066	900	900	U. Proterozoic					Cu	228263	Ghanzi Mine, Ghanzi District, Ghanzi District, Botswana	Ghanzi	Cox et al. (2003)		USGSOFR03_107
EG105_1057_032	2700	2700	2700					Ni, Cu, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Os, Ru	190662	Selebi-Phikwe Belt (Selbi-Pikwe), Francistown District, North-East District, Botswana	Selebi-Phikwe	Begg et al. (2010)	10.2113/econgeo.105.6.1057	EG105_1057
Michelle_662	2500	2500	>2500		Age of deposit or general age of the metallogenic province			Ni, Cu	190662	Selebi-Phikwe Belt (Selbi-Pikwe), Francistown District, North-East District, Botswana	Selebi-Phikwe	Hoatson et al. (2006)	10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.05.002	OGR29_177	See Table. 1 Global resources of nickel metal and ages of the major nickel sulfide deposits of the world. Age can refer to the age of a specific nickel sulfide deposit, or the general age of the metallogenic province containing nickel deposits that are similar to a dated deposit (e.g. 2705 Ma Komatiite-hosted deposits in the Eastern Goldfields Province).
JAES18_87_0001	1938	1910	1924 ± 14	Rb-Sr	mineralization	muscovite	Muscovite		228258	Bushman Group, Tutume District, North-East District, Botswana	Bushman Group	Barton (1994)		JAES18_87
JAES18_87_0002	1942	1914	1928 ± 14	Rb-Sr	mineralization	muscovite	Muscovite		228258	Bushman Group, Tutume District, North-East District, Botswana	Bushman Group	Barton (1994)		JAES18_87
sedcu-00063	900	900	U. Proterozoic					Cu	228258	Bushman Group, Tutume District, North-East District, Botswana	Bushman Group	Cox et al. (2003)		USGSOFR03_107
sedcu-00065	900	900	U. Proterozoic					Cu	228261	Matsitama Cu Deposits (incl. Logolo Deposit; Makala Deposit; Thakadu Deposit), Tutume District, North-East District, Botswana	Matsitama	Cox et al. (2003)		USGSOFR03_107
sedcu-00064	900	900	U. Proterozoic					Cu	228259	Ngwako Pan, Ngamiland East District, North-West District, Botswana	Ngwako Pan	Cox et al. (2003)		USGSOFR03_107
Michelle_823	2.5	0	2.5-0	fossil fauna	Age of cave sedimentation				5807	Gcwihaba Cave (Drotsky's Caverns), Ngamiland West District, North-West District, Botswana	Drotsky's Caverns	Pickford (1990)		BNR22_1	At the time of ancient cavern formation, the water table lay about 30 metres higher than the present datum in the floor of the Gcwihabadum. The fauna indicated an age for the sediments of about 2.5 million years. Thus considerable erosion can be postulated to have occurred in the region since the end of the Pliocene.
Michelle_824	1000	541	Upper Proterozoic		Age of host rock				5807	Gcwihaba Cave (Drotsky's Caverns), Ngamiland West District, North-West District, Botswana	Drotsky's Cave	Railsback et al. (1999)	10.1080/02723646.1999.10642682	PG20_331	Drotsky's Cave lies in dolomitic marbles of the Upper Proterozoic Otavi Group or Damara Sequence

Sample	Source Locality	Reference URL

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...