Mineral Evolution Database

Created and maintained by the Mineral Evolution Project in partnership with RRUFF and mindat.

Mineral locality data provided by mindat.org

The Mineral Evolution database is currently under development.

The goal of this page is to present localities at which the mineral is found, and estimates of the oldest possible geologic age of the minerals at these localities.

A	This mineral is Anthropogenic.
G	This mineral is directly dated.
B	This mineral is reported as having this age.
Y	This mineral is using an age reported as an element mineralization period.
O	This mineral is using an age calculated from all data at the locality.
R	The age displayed for this mineral originates from a different, non-child locality.
P	The age displayed for this mineral is the range of ages for this mineral at all of this locality's children.
	This mineral's age has not yet been recorded.

Acanthite	Allophane	Alunite	Amorphous	Apatite	Aragonite	Argyrodite	Arsenopyrite	Baryte	Bismutite
Brochantite	Calcite	Caledonite	Chalcanthite	Chalcopyrite	Clay	Clinozoisite	Columbite	Copper	Coronadite
Corundum	Covellite	Descloizite	Diaspore	Digenite	Enargite	Epidote	Epsomite	Feldspar	Fluorite
Gypsum	Kaolinite	Kobellite	Linarite	Malachite	Marcasite	Melanterite	Melonite	Meneghinite	Mica
Minium	Nickeline	None	Not in a structural group	Phenakite	Pyrite	Pyrochlore	Pyrophyllite	Quartz	Rhodonite
Rocksalt	Rutile	Scheelite	Smectite-vermiculite	Sphalerite	Spinel	Stibnite	Sulphur	Tetrahedrite	Turquoise
Vivianite	Wollastonite	Wurtzite

This Mineral list contains entries from this locality, including sub-localities. Minerals in bold are reported by mindat.org as occurring directly at this locality, and do not occur at any children (sublocalities) of this locality.

Elements at this locality, including sub-localities: Ag Al As Au Ba Bi Br C Ca Cl Cu Fe H I K Mg Mn Mo Na O P Pb S Sb Se Si Sn Te U V W Zn

Elements from minerals reported directly at this locality: Cl O Pb U V

Structural Groups for minerals in this locality:
Acanthite Allophane Alunite Amorphous Apatite Aragonite Argyrodite Arsenopyrite Baryte Bismutite
Brochantite Calcite Caledonite Chalcanthite Chalcopyrite Clay Clinozoisite Columbite Copper Coronadite
Corundum Covellite Descloizite Diaspore Digenite Enargite Epidote Epsomite Feldspar Fluorite
Gypsum Kaolinite Kobellite Linarite Malachite Marcasite Melanterite Melonite Meneghinite Mica
Minium Nickeline None Not in a structural group Phenakite Pyrite Pyrochlore Pyrophyllite Quartz Rhodonite
Rocksalt Rutile Scheelite Smectite-vermiculite Sphalerite Spinel Stibnite Sulphur Tetrahedrite Turquoise
Vivianite Wollastonite Wurtzite

104 IMA Minerals at location:

Acanthite ()*	Aikinite ()*	Altaite ()*	Alunite ()*	Anglesite ()*
Ankerite ()*	Aragonite ()*	Arsenopyrite ()*	Aurichalcite ()*	Azurite ()*
Baryte ()*	Bindheimite ()*	Birnessite ()*	Bismuthinite ()*	Bismutite ()*
Brochantite ()*	Bromargyrite ()*	Calaverite ()*	Calcite ()*	Caledonite ()*
Canfieldite ()*	Cerussite ()*	Chalcanthite ()*	Chalcocite ()*	Chalcophanite ()*
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chlorargyrite ()*	Chrysocolla ()*	Copper ()*	Covellite ()*
Cryptomelane ()*	Cuprite ()*	Descloizite ()*	Digenite ()*	Dolomite ()*
Enargite ()*	Epidote ()*	Epsomite ()*	Galena ()*	Galenobismutite ()*
Goethite ()*	Gold ()*	Goslarite ()*	Graphite ()*	Gypsum ()*
Hematite ()*	Hemimorphite ()*	Hessite ()*	Hübnerite ()*	Huntite ()*
Iodargyrite ()*	Jarosite ()*	Kaolinite ()*	Kobellite ()*	Linarite ()*
Litharge ()*	Magnetite ()*	Malachite ()*	Marcasite ()*	Massicot ()*
Matildite ()*	Melanterite ()*	Mimetite ()*	Minium ()*	Muscovite ()*
Natroalunite ()*	Opal ()*	Orthoclase ()*	Oxyplumboroméite ()*	Paragonite ()*
Plumbojarosite ()*	Proustite ()*	Pyrargyrite ()*	Pyrite ()*	Pyrolusite ()*
Pyromorphite ()*	Pyrophyllite ()*	Pyrrhotite ()*	Quartz ()*	Rhodochrosite ()*
Rhodonite ()*	Rosasite ()*	Sauconite ()*	Scheelite ()*	Selenium ()*
Siderite ()*	Silver ()*	Smithsonite ()*	Sphalerite ()*	Stephanite ()*
Sulphur ()*	Tellurium ()*	Tennantite-(Fe) ()*	Tenorite ()*	Tetrahedrite-(Zn) ()*
Turquoise ()*	Uraninite ()*	Vanadinite ()*	Vivianite ()*	Willemite ()*
Wollastonite ()*	Wulfenite ()*	Wurtzite ()*	Zincrosasite ()*

Mineral name	Structural Groups	IMA Formula	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	# of Sublocalities containing mineral	LOCALITY IDs, not mindat ids	# of localities containing mineral
Acanthite ()*	Acanthite	Ag₂S	41.3	37.9	3	191404,191482,191498	2793
Aikinite ()*	Meneghinite	CuPbBiS₃	41.3	37.9	2	191387,191404	315
Altaite ()*	Rocksalt	PbTe	41.3	37.9	5	191387,191388,191404,191411,191482	489
Alunite ()*	None	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆	41.3	37.9	1	191404	966
Anglesite ()*	Baryte	Pb(SO₄)	290	37.9	11	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191474,191475,191476,191477,191480,191630	2734
Ankerite ()*	None	Ca(Fe²⁺,Mg)(CO₃)₂	41.3	37.9	2	191348,191431	3092
Aragonite ()*	Aragonite	Ca(CO₃)	41.3	37.9	3	191338,191404,191435	3250
Arsenopyrite ()*	Arsenopyrite	FeAsS	41.3	37.9	6	191334,191404,191467,191482,191495,191535	9052
Aurichalcite ()*	None	(Zn,Cu)₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆	290	37.9	6	191405,191410,191467,191495,191508,191630	919
Azurite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂	290	37.9	2	191471,191630	5509
Baryte ()*	Baryte	Ba(SO₄)	290	37.9	8	191421,191435,191461,191462,191463,191465,191469,191630	11547
Bindheimite ()*	Pyrochlore	Pb₂Sb⁵⁺₂O₇	290	39.9	1	191630	450
Birnessite ()*	None	(Na,Ca,K)_0.6(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄·1.5H₂O	41.3	37.9	1	191435	178
Bismuthinite ()*	Stibnite	Bi₂S₃	41.3	37.9	3	191482,191496,191498	1935
Bismutite ()*	Bismutite	Bi₂O₂(CO₃)	41.3	37.9	2	191267,191496	716
Brochantite ()*	Brochantite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆	290	39.9	1	191630	1633
Bromargyrite ()*	Rocksalt	AgBr	41.3	37.9	1	191404	227
Calaverite ()*	Melonite	AuTe₂	41.3	37.9	1	191479	361
Calcite ()*	Calcite	Ca(CO₃)	290	37.9	8	191256,191366,191426,191431,191435,191465,191472,191630	27770
Caledonite ()*	Caledonite	Cu₂Pb₅(SO₄)₃(CO₃)(OH)₆	41.3	37.9	1	191498	359
Canfieldite ()*	Argyrodite	Ag₈SnS₆	41.3	37.9	2	191251,191535	91
Cerussite ()*	Aragonite	Pb(CO₃)	290	37.9	47	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191410,191417,191420,191421,191422,191423,191424,191426,191427,191430,191432,191435,191436,191443,191444,191445,191446,191447,191448,191449,191450,191451,191456,191459,191461,191465,191471,191474,191475,191476,191477,191480,191482,191496,191498,191505,191506,191507,191522,191535,191630,191639	4979
Chalcanthite ()*	Chalcanthite	Cu(SO₄)·5H₂O	41.3	37.9	3	191387,191404,191410	925
Chalcocite ()*	None	Cu₂S	41.3	37.9	7	191257,191258,191404,191407,191410,191482,191567	5707
Chalcophanite ()*	None	ZnMn⁴⁺₃O₇·3H₂O	41.3	37.9	3	191404,191522,191639	197
Chalcopyrite ()*	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	290	37.9	13	191334,191372,191387,191406,191407,191465,191467,191470,191482,191495,191499,191502,191630	27198
Chlorargyrite ()*	Rocksalt	AgCl	41.3	37.9	34	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191256,191410,191426,191443,191444,191445,191446,191447,191448,191449,191450,191451,191456,191459,191461,191462,191468,191474,191475,191476,191477,191480,191487,191490,191496,191506,191522,191523,191535	1382
Chrysocolla ()*	Allophane	(Cu_2-xAl_x)H_2-xSi₂O₅(OH)₄·nH₂O	290	37.9	4	191410,191471,191506,191630	3531
Copper ()*	Copper	Cu	290	37.9	4	191410,191431,191471,191630	3846
Covellite ()*	Covellite	CuS	290	39.9	1	191630	4165
Cryptomelane ()*	Coronadite	K(Mn⁴⁺₇Mn³⁺)O₁₆	41.3	37.9	1	191435	599
Cuprite ()*	Not in a structural group	Cu₂O	290	37.9	2	191471,191630	2970
Descloizite ()*	Descloizite	PbZn(VO₄)(OH)	41.3	37.9	6	191404,191410,191417,191426,191432,191435	378
Digenite ()*	Digenite	Cu_1.8S	41.3	37.9	1	191465	1027
Dolomite ()*	None	CaMg(CO₃)₂	290	37.9	17	191256,191267,191324,191331,191420,191421,191424,191426,191430,191431,191432,191436,191461,191465,191542,191630,191639	9895
Enargite ()*	Enargite Wurtzite	Cu₃AsS₄	41.3	37.9	1	191297	910
Epidote ()*	Epidote Clinozoisite	Ca₂(Al₂Fe³⁺)[Si₂O₇][SiO₄]O(OH)	41.3	37.9	1	191404	8173
Epsomite ()*	Epsomite	Mg(SO₄)·7H₂O	41.3	37.9	1	191482	484
Galena ()*	Rocksalt	PbS	290	37.9	68	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191256,191257,191258,191267,191299,191312,191331,191334,191350,191363,191364,191368,191372,191387,191388,191417,191420,191424,191426,191427,191430,191431,191432,191435,191436,191443,191444,191445,191446,191447,191448,191449,191450,191451,191454,191456,191458,191459,191465,191467,191470,191471,191472,191474,191475,191476,191477,191480,191482,191484,191485,191495,191496,191499,191502,191505,191507,191522,191554,191600,191630,191640,191643	24243
Galenobismutite ()*	Kobellite	PbBi₂S₄	41.3	37.9	2	191387,191482	192
Goethite ()*	Diaspore	FeO(OH)	290	37.9	2	191410,191630	7437
Gold ()*	Copper	Au	41.3	37.9	18	191362,191366,191387,191388,191406,191410,191465,191471,191482,191496,191498,191499,191502,191505,191507,191523,191535,191643	30554
Goslarite ()*	Epsomite	Zn(SO₄)·7H₂O	41.3	37.9	1	191482	188
Graphite ()*	None	C	290	37.9	2	191465,191630	2812
Gypsum ()*	Gypsum	Ca(SO₄)·2H₂O	41.3	37.9	1	191435	6890
Hematite ()*	Corundum	Fe₂O₃	41.3	37.9	15	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191267,191408,191424,191435,191474,191475,191476,191477,191480,191498	14640
Hemimorphite ()*	Not in a structural group	Zn₄(Si₂O₇)(OH)₂·H₂O	290	37.9	22	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191338,191405,191410,191429,191431,191435,191460,191462,191474,191475,191476,191477,191480,191482,191535,191630,191639	1689
Hessite ()*	None	Ag₂Te	41.3	37.9	4	191387,191388,191404,191482	804
Hübnerite ()*	Columbite	Mn²⁺(WO₄)	41.3	37.9	3	191404,191407,191411	469
Huntite ()*	Not in a structural group	CaMg₃(CO₃)₄	290	39.9	1	191630	69
Iodargyrite ()*	Wurtzite	AgI	41.3	37.9	4	191404,191426,191432,191445	180
Jarosite ()*	Alunite	KFe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆	41.3	37.9	1	191404	2228
Kaolinite ()*	Clay Kaolinite	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄	41.3	37.9	1	191404	5591
Kobellite ()*	Kobellite	Pb₁₁(Cu,Fe)₂(Bi,Sb)₁₅S₃₅	41.3	37.9	1	191498	87
Linarite ()*	Linarite	CuPb(SO₄)(OH)₂	290	39.9	1	191630	987
Litharge ()*	None	PbO	41.3	37.9	1	191404	139
Magnetite ()*	Spinel	Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄	41.3	37.9	7	191312,191407,191408,191410,191470,191482,191491	14899
Malachite ()*	Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂	290	37.9	3	191471,191506,191630	12537
Marcasite ()*	Marcasite	FeS₂	41.3	37.9	1	191465	5674
Massicot ()*	None	PbO	290	37.9	0		202
Matildite ()*	None	AgBiS₂	41.3	37.9	4	191404,191465,191482,191640	252
Melanterite ()*	Melanterite	Fe(SO₄)·7H₂O	41.3	37.9	1	191387	915
Mimetite ()*	Apatite	Pb₅(AsO₄)₃Cl	41.3	37.9	2	191404,191535	1107
Minium ()*	Minium	Pb²⁺₂Pb⁴⁺O₄	41.3	37.9	11	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191410,191474,191475,191476,191477,191480	247
Muscovite ()*	Mica Clay	KAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂	41.3	37.9	1	191404	17380
Natroalunite ()*	Alunite	NaAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆	41.3	37.9	1	191404	128
Opal ()*	Amorphous	SiO₂·nH₂O	41.3	37.9	2	191405,191410	2994
Orthoclase ()*	Feldspar	K(AlSi₃O₈)	41.3	37.9	4	191336,191408,191471,191496	2349
Oxyplumboroméite ()*	Pyrochlore	Pb₂Sb₂O₇	290	39.9	1	191630	33
Paragonite ()*	Mica Clay	NaAl₂(Si₃Al)O₁₀(OH)₂	41.3	37.9	2	191404,191482	247
Plumbojarosite ()*	Alunite	Pb_0.5Fe³⁺₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆	290	37.9	3	191430,191436,191630	477
Proustite ()*	None	Ag₃AsS₃	41.3	37.9	1	191404	733
Pyrargyrite ()*	None	Ag₃SbS₃	41.3	37.9	1	191404	1425
Pyrite ()*	Pyrite	FeS₂	290	37.9	42	191251,191253,191256,191297,191312,191334,191337,191363,191364,191387,191406,191407,191408,191409,191410,191411,191412,191413,191414,191415,191426,191431,191435,191459,191465,191467,191469,191471,191479,191482,191495,191499,191502,191505,191507,191522,191602,191630,191639,191640,191643,191648	39462
Pyrolusite ()*	Rutile	MnO₂	41.3	37.9	13	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191426,191435,191457,191474,191475,191476,191477,191480	3106
Pyromorphite ()*	Apatite	Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl	290	37.9	14	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191410,191426,191474,191475,191476,191477,191480,191535,191630	1725
Pyrophyllite ()*	Clay Pyrophyllite	Al₂Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂	41.3	37.9	1	191498	771
Pyrrhotite ()*	Nickeline	Fe₇S₈	41.3	37.9	1	191465	9056
Quartz ()*	Quartz	SiO₂	290	37.9	32	191256,191297,191334,191345,191366,191405,191406,191409,191410,191411,191413,191414,191415,191417,191420,191424,191426,191430,191431,191432,191435,191436,191465,191467,191470,191471,191482,191495,191499,191576,191630,191643	61156
Rhodochrosite ()*	Calcite	Mn(CO₃)	41.3	37.9	8	191251,191256,191329,191459,191467,191513,191529,191535	1711
Rhodonite ()*	Rhodonite	CaMn₃Mn(Si₅O₁₅)	41.3	37.9	2	191329,191404	969
Rosasite ()*	Malachite	CuZn(CO₃)(OH)₂	290	37.9	2	191404,191630	454
Sauconite ()*	Clay Smectite-vermiculite	Na_0.3Zn₃(Si,Al)₄O₁₀(OH)₂·4H₂O	41.3	37.9	2	191436,191461	56
Scheelite ()*	Scheelite	Ca(WO₄)	41.3	37.9	11	191404,191407,191409,191410,191411,191413,191414,191415,191435,191469,191509	4894
Selenium ()*	Sulphur	Se	41.3	37.9	1	191404	143
Siderite ()*	Calcite	Fe(CO₃)	290	37.9	8	191404,191406,191411,191459,191465,191467,191482,191630	6417
Silver ()*	Copper	Ag	290	37.9	8	191251,191387,191431,191459,191470,191492,191495,191630	5186
Smithsonite ()*	Calcite	Zn(CO₃)	290	37.9	8	191410,191431,191435,191460,191462,191482,191630,191639	2473
Sphalerite ()*	Sphalerite	ZnS	290	37.9	37	191251,191252,191253,191254,191255,191256,191257,191258,191299,191324,191331,191334,191337,191348,191350,191368,191372,191406,191410,191411,191431,191435,191459,191465,191467,191470,191474,191475,191476,191477,191479,191480,191482,191495,191542,191600,191630	21482
Stephanite ()*	None	Ag₅SbS₄	41.3	37.9	2	191257,191258	586
Sulphur ()*	Sulphur	S	41.3	37.9	1	191252	2045
Tellurium ()*	None	Te	41.3	37.9	1	191264	190
Tennantite-(Fe) ()*	Tetrahedrite	Cu₆(Cu₄Fe₂)As₄S₁₃	41.3	37.9	4	191330,191387,191499,191502	1803
Tenorite ()*	None	CuO	41.3	37.9	1	191525	1101
Tetrahedrite-(Zn) ()*	Tetrahedrite	Cu₆(Cu₄Zn₂)Sb₄S₁₃	45.1	37.9	6	191324,191368,191404,191410,191542,191600	5317
Turquoise ()*	Turquoise	CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈·4H₂O	41.3	37.9	1	191404	484
Uraninite ()*	Fluorite	UO₂	290	37.9	0		2718
Vanadinite ()*	Apatite	Pb₅(VO₄)₃Cl	290	37.9	0		605
Vivianite ()*	Vivianite	Fe²⁺₃(PO₄)₂·8H₂O	41.3	37.9	2	191408,191410	636
Willemite ()*	Phenakite	Zn₂SiO₄	290	39.9	1	191630	303
Wollastonite ()*	Wollastonite	CaSiO₃	41.3	37.9	2	191404,191491	1247
Wulfenite ()*	Scheelite	PbMoO₄	290	37.9	2	191456,191630	1655
Wurtzite ()*	Wurtzite	ZnS	41.3	37.9	2	191404,191465	372
Zincrosasite ()*	Malachite	(Zn,Cu)₂(CO₃)(OH)₂	290	39.9	1	191630	28

3 Ages assigned to this locality:

Excel ID	Max Age (Ma)	Min Age (Ma)	Age as listed in reference	MinDat Locality ID	Dated Locality (Max Age)	Location as listed in reference	Reference	Reference ID
sedznpb-00472	41.3	37.9	39.6±1.7	3652	Leadville, Leadville District, Lake Co., Colorado, USA	Leadville	Singer et al. (2009)	USGSOFR2009-1252
sedexmvt-00235	290	254	272±18 Ma (paleomagnetism)	5991	Sherman Mine (Sherman Tunnel; Leadville Corporation Mine; Day Mines; Hilltop Mine), Upper Iowa Gulch, Leadville District, Lake Co., Colorado, USA	Sherman	Taylor et al. (2009)	USGSOFR2009_1297
sedznpb-00489	45.1	39.9	42.5±2.6	5991	Sherman Mine (Sherman Tunnel; Leadville Corporation Mine; Day Mines; Hilltop Mine), Upper Iowa Gulch, Leadville District, Lake Co., Colorado, USA	Sherman	Singer et al. (2009)	USGSOFR2009-1252

Sample	Source Locality	Reference URL
R050129	Black Cloud Mine (Resurrection Mine 0080650339; Yak Tunnel; Leadville Unit; Irene Shaft), Iowa Gulch, Leadville, Leadville District, Lake Co., Colorado, USA	https://rruff.info/R050129

All locality data graciously provided by mindat.org

All age data...